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co - check out RCS revisions
co [options] file ...
DESCRIPTION
co retrieves a revision from each RCS file and stores it into the corresponding working file.
Pathnames matching an RCS suffix denote RCS files; all others denote working files. Names are paired as
explained in ci(1).
Revisions of an RCS file can be checked out locked or unlocked. Locking a revision prevents overlapping updates.
A revision checked out for reading or processing (e.g., compiling) need not be locked. A revision checked out
for editing and later checkin must normally be locked. Checkout with locking fails if the revision to be checked
out is currently locked by another user. (A lock can be broken with rcs(1).) Checkout with locking also
requires the caller to be on the access list of the RCS file, unless he is the owner of the file or the supe-
ruser, or the access list is empty. Checkout without locking is not subject to accesslist restrictions, and is
not affected by the presence of locks.
A revision is selected by options for revision or branch number, checkin date/time, author, or state. When the
selection options are applied in combination, co retrieves the latest revision that satisfies all of them. If
none of the selection options is specified, co retrieves the latest revision on the default branch (normally the
trunk, see the -b option of rcs(1)). A revision or branch number can be attached to any of the options -f, -I,
-l, -M, -p, -q, -r, or -u. The options -d (date), -s (state), and -w (author) retrieve from a single branch, the
selected branch, which is either specified by one of -f, ..., -u, or the default branch.
A co command applied to an RCS file with no revisions creates a zero-length working file. co always performs
keyword substitution (see below).
OPTIONS
-r[rev]
retrieves the latest revision whose number is less than or equal to rev. If rev indicates a branch rather
than a revision, the latest revision on that branch is retrieved. If rev is omitted, the latest revision
on the default branch (see the -b option of rcs(1)) is retrieved. If rev is $, co determines the revision
number from keyword values in the working file. Otherwise, a revision is composed of one or more numeric
or symbolic fields separated by periods. If rev begins with a period, then the default branch (normally
the trunk) is prepended to it. If rev is a branch number followed by a period, then the latest revision
on that branch is used. The numeric equivalent of a symbolic field is specified with the -n option of the
commands ci(1) and rcs(1).
-l[rev]
same as -r, except that it also locks the retrieved revision for the caller.
-u[rev]
same as -r, except that it unlocks the retrieved revision if it was locked by the caller. If rev is omit-
ted, -u retrieves the revision locked by the caller, if there is one; otherwise, it retrieves the latest
revision on the default branch.
-f[rev]
forces the overwriting of the working file; useful in connection with -q. See also FILE MODES below.
-kkv Generate keyword strings using the default form, e.g. $Revision: 5.13 $ for the Revision keyword. A
locker's name is inserted in the value of the Header, Id, and Locker keyword strings only as a file is
being locked, i.e. by ci -l and co -l. This is the default.
-kkvl Like -kkv, except that a locker's name is always inserted if the given revision is currently locked.
-kk Generate only keyword names in keyword strings; omit their values. See KEYWORD SUBSTITUTION below. For
example, for the Revision keyword, generate the string $Revision$ instead of $Revision: 5.13 $. This
option is useful to ignore differences due to keyword substitution when comparing different revisions of a
file. Log messages are inserted after $Log$ keywords even if -kk is specified, since this tends to be
more useful when merging changes.
-ko Generate the old keyword string, present in the working file just before it was checked in. For example,
for the Revision keyword, generate the string $Revision: 1.1 $ instead of $Revision: 5.13 $ if that is how
the string appeared when the file was checked in. This can be useful for file formats that cannot toler-
ate any changes to substrings that happen to take the form of keyword strings.
-kb Generate a binary image of the old keyword string. This acts like -ko, except it performs all working
file input and output in binary mode. This makes little difference on Posix and Unix hosts, but on DOS-
like hosts one should use rcs -i -kb to initialize an RCS file intended to be used for binary files.
Also, on all hosts, rcsmerge(1) normally refuses to merge files when -kb is in effect.
-kv Generate only keyword values for keyword strings. For example, for the Revision keyword, generate the
string 5.13 instead of $Revision: 5.13 $. This can help generate files in programming languages where it
is hard to strip keyword delimiters like $Revision: $ from a string. However, further keyword substitu-
tion cannot be performed once the keyword names are removed, so this option should be used with care.
Because of this danger of losing keywords, this option cannot be combined with -l, and the owner write
permission of the working file is turned off; to edit the file later, check it out again without -kv.
-p[rev]
prints the retrieved revision on the standard output rather than storing it in the working file. This
option is useful when co is part of a pipe.
-q[rev]
quiet mode; diagnostics are not printed.
-I[rev]
interactive mode; the user is prompted and questioned even if the standard input is not a terminal.
-ddate retrieves the latest revision on the selected branch whose checkin date/time is less than or equal to
date. The date and time can be given in free format. The time zone LT stands for local time; other com-
mon time zone names are understood. For example, the following dates are equivalent if local time is Jan-
uary 11, 1990, 8pm Pacific Standard Time, eight hours west of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC):
8:00 pm lt
4:00 AM, Jan. 12, 1990 default is UTC
1990-01-12 04:00:00+00 ISO 8601 (UTC)
1990-01-11 20:00:00-08 ISO 8601 (local time)
1990/01/12 04:00:00 traditional RCS format
Thu Jan 11 20:00:00 1990 LT output of ctime(3) + LT
Thu Jan 11 20:00:00 PST 1990 output of date(1)
Fri Jan 12 04:00:00 GMT 1990
Thu, 11 Jan 1990 20:00:00 -0800 Internet RFC 822
12-January-1990, 04:00 WET
Most fields in the date and time can be defaulted. The default time zone is normally UTC, but this can be
overridden by the -z option. The other defaults are determined in the order year, month, day, hour,
minute, and second (most to least significant). At least one of these fields must be provided. For omit-
ted fields that are of higher significance than the highest provided field, the time zone's current values
are assumed. For all other omitted fields, the lowest possible values are assumed. For example, without
-z, the date 20, 10:30 defaults to 10:30:00 UTC of the 20th of the UTC time zone's current month and year.
The date/time must be quoted if it contains spaces.
-M[rev]
Set the modification time on the new working file to be the date of the retrieved revision. Use this
option with care; it can confuse make(1).
-sstate
retrieves the latest revision on the selected branch whose state is set to state.
-T Preserve the modification time on the RCS file even if the RCS file changes because a lock is added or
removed. This option can suppress extensive recompilation caused by a make(1) dependency of some other
copy of the working file on the RCS file. Use this option with care; it can suppress recompilation even
when it is needed, i.e. when the change of lock would mean a change to keyword strings in the other work-
ing file.
-w[login]
retrieves the latest revision on the selected branch which was checked in by the user with login name
login. If the argument login is omitted, the caller's login is assumed.
-jjoinlist
generates a new revision which is the join of the revisions on joinlist. This option is largely obsoleted
by rcsmerge(1) but is retained for backwards compatibility.
The joinlist is a comma-separated list of pairs of the form rev2:rev3, where rev2 and rev3 are (symbolic
or numeric) revision numbers. For the initial such pair, rev1 denotes the revision selected by the above
options -f, ..., -w. For all other pairs, rev1 denotes the revision generated by the previous pair.
(Thus, the output of one join becomes the input to the next.)
For each pair, co joins revisions rev1 and rev3 with respect to rev2. This means that all changes that
transform rev2 into rev1 are applied to a copy of rev3. This is particularly useful if rev1 and rev3 are
the ends of two branches that have rev2 as a common ancestor. If rev1<rev2<rev3 on the same branch, join-
ing generates a new revision which is like rev3, but with all changes that lead from rev1 to rev2 undone.
If changes from rev2 to rev1 overlap with changes from rev2 to rev3, co reports overlaps as described in
merge(1).
For the initial pair, rev2 can be omitted. The default is the common ancestor. If any of the arguments
indicate branches, the latest revisions on those branches are assumed. The options -l and -u lock or
unlock rev1.
-V Print RCS's version number.
-Vn Emulate RCS version n, where n can be 3, 4, or 5. This can be useful when interchanging RCS files with
others who are running older versions of RCS. To see which version of RCS your correspondents are run-
ning, have them invoke rcs -V; this works with newer versions of RCS. If it doesn't work, have them
invoke rlog on an RCS file; if none of the first few lines of output contain the string branch: it is ver-
sion 3; if the dates' years have just two digits, it is version 4; otherwise, it is version 5. An RCS
file generated while emulating version 3 loses its default branch. An RCS revision generated while emu-
lating version 4 or earlier has a time stamp that is off by up to 13 hours. A revision extracted while
emulating version 4 or earlier contains abbreviated dates of the form yy/mm/dd and can also contain dif-
ferent white space and line prefixes in the substitution for $Log$.
-xsuffixes
Use suffixes to characterize RCS files. See ci(1) for details.
-zzone specifies the date output format in keyword substitution, and specifies the default time zone for date in
the -ddate option. The zone should be empty, a numeric UTC offset, or the special string LT for local
time. The default is an empty zone, which uses the traditional RCS format of UTC without any time zone
indication and with slashes separating the parts of the date; otherwise, times are output in ISO 8601 for-
mat with time zone indication. For example, if local time is January 11, 1990, 8pm Pacific Standard Time,
eight hours west of UTC, then the time is output as follows:
option time output
-z 1990/01/12 04:00:00 (default)
-zLT 1990-01-11 20:00:00-08
-z+05:30 1990-01-12 09:30:00+05:30
The -z option does not affect dates stored in RCS files, which are always UTC.
KEYWORD SUBSTITUTION
Strings of the form $keyword$ and $keyword:...$ embedded in the text are replaced with strings of the form $key-
word:value$ where keyword and value are pairs listed below. Keywords can be embedded in literal strings or com-
ments to identify a revision.
Initially, the user enters strings of the form $keyword$. On checkout, co replaces these strings with strings of
the form $keyword:value$. If a revision containing strings of the latter form is checked back in, the value
fields will be replaced during the next checkout. Thus, the keyword values are automatically updated on check-
out. This automatic substitution can be modified by the -k options.
Keywords and their corresponding values:
$Author$
The login name of the user who checked in the revision.
$Date$ The date and time the revision was checked in. With -zzone a numeric time zone offset is appended; other-
wise, the date is UTC.
$Header$
A standard header containing the full pathname of the RCS file, the revision number, the date and time,
the author, the state, and the locker (if locked). With -zzone a numeric time zone offset is appended to
the date; otherwise, the date is UTC.
$Id$ Same as $Header$, except that the RCS filename is without a path.
$Locker$
The login name of the user who locked the revision (empty if not locked).
$Log$ The log message supplied during checkin, preceded by a header containing the RCS filename, the revision
number, the author, and the date and time. With -zzone a numeric time zone offset is appended; otherwise,
the date is UTC. Existing log messages are not replaced. Instead, the new log message is inserted after
$Log:...$. This is useful for accumulating a complete change log in a source file.
Each inserted line is prefixed by the string that prefixes the $Log$ line. For example, if the $Log$ line
is "// $Log: tan.cc $", RCS prefixes each line of the log with "// ". This is useful for languages with
comments that go to the end of the line. The convention for other languages is to use a " * " prefix
inside a multiline comment. For example, the initial log comment of a C program conventionally is of the
following form:
/*
* $Log$
*/
For backwards compatibility with older versions of RCS, if the log prefix is /* or (* surrounded by
optional white space, inserted log lines contain a space instead of / or (; however, this usage is obso-
lescent and should not be relied on.
$Name$ The symbolic name used to check out the revision, if any. For example, co -rJoe generates $Name: Joe $.
Plain co generates just $Name: $.
$RCSfile$
The name of the RCS file without a path.
$Revision$
The revision number assigned to the revision.
$Source$
The full pathname of the RCS file.
$State$
The state assigned to the revision with the -s option of rcs(1) or ci(1).
The following characters in keyword values are represented by escape sequences to keep keyword strings well-
formed.
char escape sequence
tab \t
newline \n
space \040
$ \044
\ \\
FILE MODES
The working file inherits the read and execute permissions from the RCS file. In addition, the owner write per-
mission is turned on, unless -kv is set or the file is checked out unlocked and locking is set to strict (see
rcs(1)).
If a file with the name of the working file exists already and has write permission, co aborts the checkout, ask-
ing beforehand if possible. If the existing working file is not writable or -f is given, the working file is
deleted without asking.
FILES
co accesses files much as ci(1) does, except that it does not need to read the working file unless a revision
number of $ is specified.
ENVIRONMENT
RCSINIT
options prepended to the argument list, separated by spaces. See ci(1) for details.
DIAGNOSTICS
The RCS pathname, the working pathname, and the revision number retrieved are written to the diagnostic output.
The exit status is zero if and only if all operations were successful.
IDENTIFICATION
Author: Walter F. Tichy.
Manual Page Revision: 5.13; Release Date: 1995/06/01.
Copyright � 1982, 1988, 1989 Walter F. Tichy.
Copyright � 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Paul Eggert.
RELATED
rcsintro(1), ci(1), ctime(3), date(1), ident(1), make(1), rcs(1), rcsclean(1), rcsdiff(1), rcsmerge(1), rlog(1),
rcsfile(5)
Walter F. Tichy, RCS--A System for Version Control, Software--Practice & Experience 15, 7 (July 1985), 637-654.
LIMITS
Links to the RCS and working files are not preserved.
There is no way to selectively suppress the expansion of keywords, except by writing them differently. In nroff
and troff, this is done by embedding the null-character \& into the keyword.
CATEGORY