1:expect
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expect - programmed dialogue with interactive programs, Version 5
expect [ -dDinN ] [ -c cmds ] [ [ -[f|b] ] cmdfile ] [ args ]
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INTRODUCTION
Expect is a program that "talks" to other interactive programs according to a script. Following the script,
Expect knows what can be expected from a program and what the correct response should be. An interpreted lan-
guage provides branching and high-level control structures to direct the dialogue. In addition, the user can
take control and interact directly when desired, afterward returning control to the script.
Expectk is a mixture of Expect and Tk. It behaves just like Expect and Tk's wish. Expect can also be used
directly in C or C++ (that is, without Tcl). See libexpect(3).
The name "Expect" comes from the idea of send/expect sequences popularized by uucp, kermit and other modem con-
trol programs. However unlike uucp, Expect is generalized so that it can be run as a user-level command with any
program and task in mind. Expect can actually talk to several programs at the same time.
For example, here are some things Expect can do:
� Cause your computer to dial you back, so that you can login without paying for the call.
� Start a game (e.g., rogue) and if the optimal configuration doesn't appear, restart it (again and
again) until it does, then hand over control to you.
� Run fsck, and in response to its questions, answer "yes", "no" or give control back to you, based on
predetermined criteria.
� Connect to another network or BBS (e.g., MCI Mail, CompuServe) and automatically retrieve your mail so
that it appears as if it was originally sent to your local system.
� Carry environment variables, current directory, or any kind of information across rlogin, telnet, tip,
su, chgrp, etc.
There are a variety of reasons why the shell cannot perform these tasks. (Try, you'll see.) All are possible
with Expect.
In general, Expect is useful for running any program which requires interaction between the program and the user.
All that is necessary is that the interaction can be characterized programmatically. Expect can also give the
user back control (without halting the program being controlled) if desired. Similarly, the user can return con-
trol to the script at any time.
USAGE
Expect reads cmdfile for a list of commands to execute. Expect may also be invoked implicitly on systems which
support the #! notation by marking the script executable, and making the first line in your script:
#!/usr/local/bin/expect -f
Of course, the path must accurately describe where Expect lives. /usr/local/bin is just an example.
The -c flag prefaces a command to be executed before any in the script. The command should be quoted to prevent
being broken up by the shell. This option may be used multiple times. Multiple commands may be executed with a
single -c by separating them with semicolons. Commands are executed in the order they appear. (When using
Expectk, this option is specified as -command.)
The -d flag enables some diagnostic output, which primarily reports internal activity of commands such as expect
and interact. This flag has the same effect as "exp_internal 1" at the beginning of an Expect script, plus the
version of Expect is printed. (The strace command is useful for tracing statements, and the trace command is
useful for tracing variable assignments.) (When using Expectk, this option is specified as -diag.)
The -D flag enables an interactive debugger. An integer value should follow. The debugger will take control
before the next Tcl procedure if the value is non-zero or if a ^C is pressed (or a breakpoint is hit, or other
appropriate debugger command appears in the script). See the README file or SEE ALSO (below) for more informa-
tion on the debugger. (When using Expectk, this option is specified as -Debug.)
The -f flag prefaces a file from which to read commands from. The flag itself is optional as it is only useful
when using the #! notation (see above), so that other arguments may be supplied on the command line. (When using
Expectk, this option is specified as -file.)
By default, the command file is read into memory and executed in its entirety. It is occasionally desirable to
read files one line at a time. For example, stdin is read this way. In order to force arbitrary files to be
handled this way, use the -b flag. (When using Expectk, this option is specified as -buffer.)Notethatstdio-
bufferingmaystilltakeplacehoweverthisshouldn'tcauseproblemswhenreadingfromafifoorstdin.
If the string "-" is supplied as a filename, standard input is read instead. (Use "./-" to read from a file
actually named "-".)
The -i flag causes Expect to interactively prompt for commands instead of reading them from a file. Prompting is
terminated via the exit command or upon EOF. See interpreter (below) for more information. -i is assumed if
neither a command file nor -c is used. (When using Expectk, this option is specified as -interactive.)
-- may be used to delimit the end of the options. This is useful if you want to pass an option-like argument to
your script without it being interpreted by Expect. This can usefully be placed in the #! line to prevent any
flag-like interpretation by Expect. For example, the following will leave the original arguments (including the
script name) in the variable argv.
#!/usr/local/bin/expect --
Note that the usual getopt(3) and execve(2) conventions must be observed when adding arguments to the #! line.
The file $exp_library/expect.rc is sourced automatically if present, unless the -N flag is used. (When using
Expectk, this option is specified as -NORC.) Immediately after this, the file ~/.expect.rc is sourced automati-
cally, unless the -n flag is used. If the environment variable DOTDIR is defined, it is treated as a directory
and .expect.rc is read from there. (When using Expectk, this option is specified as -norc.) This sourcing
occurs only after executing any -c flags.
-v causes Expect to print its version number and exit. (The corresponding flag in Expectk, which uses long flag
names, is -version.)
Optional args are constructed into a list and stored in the variable named argv. argc is initialized to the
length of argv.
argv0 is defined to be the name of the script (or binary if no script is used). For example, the following
prints out the name of the script and the first three arguments:
send_user "$argv0 [lrange $argv 0 2]\n"
COMMANDS
Expect uses Tcl (Tool Command Language). Tcl provides control flow (e.g., if, for, break), expression evaluation
and several other features such as recursion, procedure definition, etc. Commands used here but not defined
(e.g., set, if, exec) are Tcl commands (see tcl(3)). Expect supports additional commands, described below.
Unless otherwise specified, commands return the empty string.
Commands are listed alphabetically so that they can be quickly located. However, new users may find it easier to
start by reading the descriptions of spawn, send, expect, and interact, in that order.
Note that the best introduction to the language (both Expect and Tcl) is provided in the book "Exploring Expect"
(see SEE ALSO below). Examples are included in this man page but they are very limited since this man page is
meant primarily as reference material.
Note that in the text of this man page, "Expect" with an uppercase "E" refers to the Expect program while
"expect" with a lower-case "e" refers to the expect command within the Expect program.)
close [-slave] [-onexec 0|1] [-i spawn_id]
closes the connection to the current process. Most interactive programs will detect EOF on their stdin and
exit; thus close usually suffices to kill the process as well. The -i flag declares the process to close
corresponding to the named spawn_id.
Both expect and interact will detect when the current process exits and implicitly do a close. But if you
kill the process by, say, "exec kill $pid", you will need to explicitly call close.
The -onexec flag determines whether the spawn id will be closed in any new spawned processes or if the pro-
cess is overlayed. To leave a spawn id open, use the value 0. A non-zero integer value will force the
spawn closed (the default) in any new processes.
The -slave flag closes the slave associated with the spawn id. (See "spawn -pty".) When the connection is
closed, the slave is automatically closed as well if still open.
No matter whether the connection is closed implicitly or explicitly, you should call wait to clear up the
corresponding kernel process slot. close does not call wait since there is no guarantee that closing a
process connection will cause it to exit. See wait below for more info.
debug [[-now] 0|1]
controls a Tcl debugger allowing you to step through statements, set breakpoints, etc.
With no arguments, a 1 is returned if the debugger is not running, otherwise a 0 is returned.
With a 1 argument, the debugger is started. With a 0 argument, the debugger is stopped. If a 1 argument
is preceded by the -now flag, the debugger is started immediately (i.e., in the middle of the debug command
itself). Otherwise, the debugger is started with the next Tcl statement.
The debug command does not change any traps. Compare this to starting Expect with the -D flag (see above).
See the README file or SEE ALSO (below) for more information on the debugger.
disconnect
disconnects a forked process from the terminal. It continues running in the background. The process is
given its own process group (if possible). Standard I/O is redirected to /dev/null.
The following fragment uses disconnect to continue running the script in the background.
if {[fork]!=0} exit
disconnect
. . .
The following script reads a password, and then runs a program every hour that demands a password each time
it is run. The script supplies the password so that you only have to type it once. (See the stty command
which demonstrates how to turn off password echoing.)
send_user "password?\ "
expect_user -re "(.*)\n"
for {} 1 {} {
if {[fork]!=0} {sleep 3600;continue}
disconnect
spawn priv_prog
expect Password:
send "$expect_out(1,string)\r"
. . .
exit
}
An advantage to using disconnect over the shell asynchronous process feature (&) is that Expect can save
the terminal parameters prior to disconnection, and then later apply them to new ptys. With &, Expect does
not have a chance to read the terminal's parameters since the terminal is already disconnected by the time
Expect receives control.
exit [-opts] [status]
causes Expect to exit or otherwise prepare to do so.
The -onexit flag causes the next argument to be used as an exit handler. Without an argument, the current
exit handler is returned.
The -noexit flag causes Expect to prepare to exit but stop short of actually returning control to the oper-
ating system. The user-defined exit handler is run as well as Expect's own internal handlers. No further
Expect commands should be executed. This is useful if you are running Expect with other Tcl extensions.
The current interpreter (and main window if in the Tk environment) remain so that other Tcl extensions can
clean up. If Expect's exit is called again (however this might occur), the handlers are not rerun.
Upon exiting, all connections to spawned processes are closed. Closure will be detected as an EOF by
spawned processes. exit takes no other actions beyond what the normal _exit(2) procedure does. Thus,
spawned processes that do not check for EOF may continue to run. (A variety of conditions are important to
determining, for example, what signals a spawned process will be sent, but these are system-dependent, typ-
ically documented under exit(3).) Spawned processes that continue to run will be inherited by init.
status (or 0 if not specified) is returned as the exit status of Expect. exit is implicitly executed if
the end of the script is reached.
exp_continue [-continue_timer]
The command exp_continue allows expect itself to continue executing rather than returning as it normally
would. By default exp_continue resets the timeout timer. The -continue_timer flag prevents timer from being
restarted. (See expect for more information.)
exp_internal [-f file] value
causes further commands to send diagnostic information internal to Expect to stderr if value is non-zero.
This output is disabled if value is 0. The diagnostic information includes every character received, and
every attempt made to match the current output against the patterns.
If the optional file is supplied, all normal and debugging output is written to that file (regardless of
the value of value). Any previous diagnostic output file is closed.
The -info flag causes exp_internal to return a description of the most recent non-info arguments given.
exp_open [args] [-i spawn_id]
returns a Tcl file identifier that corresponds to the original spawn id. The file identifier can then be
used as if it were opened by Tcl's open command. (The spawn id should no longer be used. A wait should
not be executed.
The -leaveopen flag leaves the spawn id open for access through Expect commands. A wait must be executed
on the spawn id.
exp_pid [-i spawn_id]
returns the process id corresponding to the currently spawned process. If the -i flag is used, the pid
returned corresponds to that of the given spawn id.
exp_send
is an alias for send.
exp_send_error
is an alias for send_error.
exp_send_log
is an alias for send_log.
exp_send_tty
is an alias for send_tty.
exp_send_user
is an alias for send_user.
exp_version [[-exit] version]
is useful for assuring that the script is compatible with the current version of Expect.
With no arguments, the current version of Expect is returned. This version may then be encoded in your
script. If you actually know that you are not using features of recent versions, you can specify an ear-
lier version.
Versions consist of three numbers separated by dots. First is the major number. Scripts written for ver-
sions of Expect with a different major number will almost certainly not work. exp_version returns an error
if the major numbers do not match.
Second is the minor number. Scripts written for a version with a greater minor number than the current
version may depend upon some new feature and might not run. exp_version returns an error if the major num-
bers match, but the script minor number is greater than that of the running Expect.
Third is a number that plays no part in the version comparison. However, it is incremented when the Expect
software distribution is changed in any way, such as by additional documentation or optimization. It is
reset to 0 upon each new minor version.
With the -exit flag, Expect prints an error and exits if the version is out of date.
expect [[-opts] pat1 body1] ... [-opts] patn [bodyn]
waits until one of the patterns matches the output of a spawned process, a specified time period has
passed, or an end-of-file is seen. If the final body is empty, it may be omitted.
Patterns from the most recent expect_before command are implicitly used before any other patterns. Pat-
terns from the most recent expect_after command are implicitly used after any other patterns.
If the arguments to the entire expect statement require more than one line, all the arguments may be
"braced" into one so as to avoid terminating each line with a backslash. In this one case, the usual Tcl
substitutions will occur despite the braces.
If a pattern is the keyword eof, the corresponding body is executed upon end-of-file. If a pattern is the
keyword timeout, the corresponding body is executed upon timeout. If no timeout keyword is used, an
implicit null action is executed upon timeout. The default timeout period is 10 seconds but may be set,
for example to 30, by the command "set timeout 30". An infinite timeout may be designated by the value -1.
If a pattern is the keyword default, the corresponding body is executed upon either timeout or end-of-file.
If a pattern matches, then the corresponding body is executed. expect returns the result of the body (or
the empty string if no pattern matched). In the event that multiple patterns match, the one appearing
first is used to select a body.
Each time new output arrives, it is compared to each pattern in the order they are listed. Thus, you may
test for absence of a match by making the last pattern something guaranteed to appear, such as a prompt.
In situations where there is no prompt, you must use timeout (just like you would if you were interacting
manually).
Patterns are specified in three ways. By default, patterns are specified as with Tcl's string match com-
mand. (Such patterns are also similar to C-shell regular expressions usually referred to as "glob" pat-
terns). The -gl flag may may be used to protect patterns that might otherwise match expect flags from
doing so. Any pattern beginning with a "-" should be protected this way. (All strings starting with "-"
are reserved for future options.)
For example, the following fragment looks for a successful login. (Note that abort is presumed to be a
procedure defined elsewhere in the script.)
expect {
busy {puts busy\n ; exp_continue}
failed abort
"invalid password" abort
timeout abort
connected
}
Quotes are necessary on the fourth pattern since it contains a space, which would otherwise separate the
pattern from the action. Patterns with the same action (such as the 3rd and 4th) require listing the
actions again. This can be avoid by using regexp-style patterns (see below). More information on forming
glob-style patterns can be found in the Tcl manual.
Regexp-style patterns follow the syntax defined by Tcl's regexp (short for "regular expression") command.
regexp patterns are introduced with the flag -re. The previous example can be rewritten using a regexp as:
expect {
busy {puts busy\n ; exp_continue}
-re "failed|invalid password" abort
timeout abort
connected
}
Both types of patterns are "unanchored". This means that patterns do not have to match the entire string,
but can begin and end the match anywhere in the string (as long as everything else matches). Use ^ to
match the beginning of a string, and $ to match the end. Note that if you do not wait for the end of a
string, your responses can easily end up in the middle of the string as they are echoed from the spawned
process. While still producing correct results, the output can look unnatural. Thus, use of $ is encour-
aged if you can exactly describe the characters at the end of a string.
Note that in many editors, the ^ and $ match the beginning and end of lines respectively. However, because
expect is not line oriented, these characters match the beginning and end of the data (as opposed to lines)
currently in the expect matching buffer. (Also, see the note below on "system indigestion.")
The -ex flag causes the pattern to be matched as an "exact" string. No interpretation of *, ^, etc is made
(although the usual Tcl conventions must still be observed). Exact patterns are always unanchored.
The -nocase flag causes uppercase characters of the output to compare as if they were lowercase characters.
The pattern is not affected.
While reading output, more than 2000 bytes can force earlier bytes to be "forgotten". This may be changed
with the function match_max. (Note that excessively large values can slow down the pattern matcher.) If
patlist is full_buffer, the corresponding body is executed if match_max bytes have been received and no
other patterns have matched. Whether or not the full_buffer keyword is used, the forgotten characters are
written to expect_out(buffer).
If patlist is the keyword null, and nulls are allowed (via the remove_nulls command), the corresponding
body is executed if a single ASCII 0 is matched. It is not possible to match 0 bytes via glob or regexp
patterns.
Upon matching a pattern (or eof or full_buffer), any matching and previously unmatched output is saved in
the variable expect_out(buffer). Up to 9 regexp substring matches are saved in the variables
expect_out(1,string) through expect_out(9,string). If the -indices flag is used before a pattern, the
starting and ending indices (in a form suitable for lrange) of the 10 strings are stored in the variables
expect_out(X,start) and expect_out(X,end) where X is a digit, corresponds to the substring position in the
buffer. 0 refers to strings which matched the entire pattern and is generated for glob patterns as well as
regexp patterns. For example, if a process has produced output of "abcdefgh\n", the result of:
expect "cd"
is as if the following statements had executed:
set expect_out(0,string) cd
set expect_out(buffer) abcd
and "efgh\n" is left in the output buffer. If a process produced the output "abbbcabkkkka\n", the result
of:
expect -indices -re "b(b*).*(k+)"
is as if the following statements had executed:
set expect_out(0,start) 1
set expect_out(0,end) 10
set expect_out(0,string) bbbcabkkkk
set expect_out(1,start) 2
set expect_out(1,end) 3
set expect_out(1,string) bb
set expect_out(2,start) 10
set expect_out(2,end) 10
set expect_out(2,string) k
set expect_out(buffer) abbbcabkkkk
and "a\n" is left in the output buffer. The pattern "*" (and -re ".*") will flush the output buffer with-
out reading any more output from the process.
Normally, the matched output is discarded from Expect's internal buffers. This may be prevented by prefix-
ing a pattern with the -notransfer flag. This flag is especially useful in experimenting (and can be
abbreviated to "-not" for convenience while experimenting).
The spawn id associated with the matching output (or eof or full_buffer) is stored in expect_out(spawn_id).
The -timeout flag causes the current expect command to use the following value as a timeout instead of
using the value of the timeout variable.
By default, patterns are matched against output from the current process, however the -i flag declares the
output from the named spawn_id list be matched against any following patterns (up to the next -i). The
spawn_id list should either be a whitespace separated list of spawn_ids or a variable referring to such a
list of spawn_ids.
For example, the following example waits for "connected" from the current process, or "busy", "failed" or
"invalid password" from the spawn_id named by $proc2.
expect {
-i $proc2 busy {puts busy\n ; exp_continue}
-re "failed|invalid password" abort
timeout abort
connected
}
The value of the global variable any_spawn_id may be used to match patterns to any spawn_ids that are named
with all other -i flags in the current expect command. The spawn_id from a -i flag with no associated pat-
tern (i.e., followed immediately by another -i) is made available to any other patterns in the same expect
command associated with any_spawn_id.
The -i flag may also name a global variable in which case the variable is read for a list of spawn ids.
The variable is reread whenever it changes. This provides a way of changing the I/O source while the com-
mand is in execution. Spawn ids provided this way are called "indirect" spawn ids.
Actions such as break and continue cause control structures (i.e., for, proc) to behave in the usual way.
The command exp_continue allows expect itself to continue executing rather than returning as it normally
would.
This is useful for avoiding explicit loops or repeated expect statements. The following example is part of
a fragment to automate rlogin. The exp_continue avoids having to write a second expect statement (to look
for the prompt again) if the rlogin prompts for a password.
expect {
Password: {
stty -echo
send_user "password (for $user) on $host: "
expect_user -re "(.*)\n"
send_user "\n"
send "$expect_out(1,string)\r"
stty echo
exp_continue
} incorrect {
send_user "invalid password or account\n"
exit
} timeout {
send_user "connection to $host timed out\n"
exit
} eof {
send_user \
"connection to host failed: $expect_out(buffer)"
exit
} -re $prompt
}
For example, the following fragment might help a user guide an interaction that is already totally auto-
mated. In this case, the terminal is put into raw mode. If the user presses "+", a variable is incre-
mented. If "p" is pressed, several returns are sent to the process, perhaps to poke it in some way, and
"i" lets the user interact with the process, effectively stealing away control from the script. In each
case, the exp_continue allows the current expect to continue pattern matching after executing the current
action.
stty raw -echo
expect_after {
-i $user_spawn_id
"p" {send "\r\r\r"; exp_continue}
"+" {incr foo; exp_continue}
"i" {interact; exp_continue}
"quit" exit
}
By default, exp_continue resets the timeout timer. The timer is not restarted, if exp_continue is called
with the -continue_timer flag.
expect_after [expect_args]
works identically to the expect_before except that if patterns from both expect and expect_after can match,
the expect pattern is used. See the expect_before command for more information.
expect_background [expect_args]
takes the same arguments as expect, however it returns immediately. Patterns are tested whenever new input
arrives. The pattern timeout and default are meaningless to expect_background and are silently discarded.
Otherwise, the expect_background command uses expect_before and expect_after patterns just like expect
does.
When expect_background actions are being evaluated, background processing for the same spawn id is blocked.
Background processing is unblocked when the action completes. While background processing is blocked, it
is possible to do a (foreground) expect on the same spawn id.
It is not possible to execute an expect while an expect_background is unblocked. expect_background for a
particular spawn id is deleted by declaring a new expect_background with the same spawn id. Declaring
expect_background with no pattern removes the given spawn id from the ability to match patterns in the
background.
expect_before [expect_args]
takes the same arguments as expect, however it returns immediately. Pattern-action pairs from the most
recent expect_before with the same spawn id are implicitly added to any following expect commands. If a
pattern matches, it is treated as if it had been specified in the expect command itself, and the associated
body is executed in the context of the expect command. If patterns from both expect_before and expect can
match, the expect_before pattern is used.
If no pattern is specified, the spawn id is not checked for any patterns.
Unless overridden by a -i flag, expect_before patterns match against the spawn id defined at the time that
the expect_before command was executed (not when its pattern is matched).
The -info flag causes expect_before to return the current specifications of what patterns it will match.
By default, it reports on the current spawn id. An optional spawn id specification may be given for infor-
mation on that spawn id. For example
expect_before -info -i $proc
At most one spawn id specification may be given. The flag -indirect suppresses direct spawn ids that come
only from indirect specifications.
Instead of a spawn id specification, the flag "-all" will cause "-info" to report on all spawn ids.
The output of the -info flag can be reused as the argument to expect_before.
expect_tty [expect_args]
is like expect but it reads characters from /dev/tty (i.e. keystrokes from the user). By default, reading
is performed in cooked mode. Thus, lines must end with a return in order for expect to see them. This may
be changed via stty (see the stty command below).
expect_user [expect_args]
is like expect but it reads characters from stdin (i.e. keystrokes from the user). By default, reading is
performed in cooked mode. Thus, lines must end with a return in order for expect to see them. This may be
changed via stty (see the stty command below).
fork creates a new process. The new process is an exact copy of the current Expect process. On success, fork
returns 0 to the new (child) process and returns the process ID of the child process to the parent process.
On failure (invariably due to lack of resources, e.g., swap space, memory), fork returns -1 to the parent
process, and no child process is created.
Forked processes exit via the exit command, just like the original process. Forked processes are allowed
to write to the log files. If you do not disable debugging or logging in most of the processes, the result
can be confusing.
Some pty implementations may be confused by multiple readers and writers, even momentarily. Thus, it is
safest to fork before spawning processes.
interact [string1 body1] ... [stringn [bodyn]]
gives control of the current process to the user, so that keystrokes are sent to the current process, and
the stdout and stderr of the current process are returned.
String-body pairs may be specified as arguments, in which case the body is executed when the corresponding
string is entered. (By default, the string is not sent to the current process.) The interpreter command
is assumed, if the final body is missing.
If the arguments to the entire interact statement require more than one line, all the arguments may be
"braced" into one so as to avoid terminating each line with a backslash. In this one case, the usual Tcl
substitutions will occur despite the braces.
For example, the following command runs interact with the following string-body pairs defined: When ^Z is
pressed, Expect is suspended. (The -reset flag restores the terminal modes.) When ^A is pressed, the user
sees "you typed a control-A" and the process is sent a ^A. When $ is pressed, the user sees the date.
When ^C is pressed, Expect exits. If "foo" is entered, the user sees "bar". When ~~ is pressed, the
Expect interpreter runs interactively.
set CTRLZ \032
interact {
-reset $CTRLZ {exec kill -STOP [pid]}
\001 {send_user "you typed a control-A\n";
send "\001"
}
$ {send_user "The date is [exec date]."}
\003 exit
foo {send_user "bar"}
~~
}
In string-body pairs, strings are matched in the order they are listed as arguments. Strings that par-
tially match are not sent to the current process in anticipation of the remainder coming. If characters
are then entered such that there can no longer possibly be a match, only the part of the string will be
sent to the process that cannot possibly begin another match. Thus, strings that are substrings of partial
matches can match later, if the original strings that was attempting to be match ultimately fails.
By default, string matching is exact with no wild cards. (In contrast, the expect command uses glob-style
patterns by default.) The -ex flag may be used to protect patterns that might otherwise match interact
flags from doing so. Any pattern beginning with a "-" should be protected this way. (All strings start-
ing with "-" are reserved for future options.)
The -re flag forces the string to be interpreted as a regexp-style pattern. In this case, matching sub-
strings are stored in the variable interact_out similarly to the way expect stores its output in the vari-
able expect_out. The -indices flag is similarly supported.
The pattern eof introduces an action that is executed upon end-of-file. A separate eof pattern may also
follow the -output flag in which case it is matched if an eof is detected while writing output. The
default eof action is "return", so that interact simply returns upon any EOF.
The pattern timeout introduces a timeout (in seconds) and action that is executed after no characters have
been read for a given time. The timeout pattern applies to the most recently specified process. There is
no default timeout. The special variable "timeout" (used by the expect command) has no affect on this
timeout.
For example, the following statement could be used to autologout users who have not typed anything for an
hour but who still get frequent system messages:
interact -input $user_spawn_id timeout 3600 return -output \
$spawn_id
If the pattern is the keyword null, and nulls are allowed (via the remove_nulls command), the corresponding
body is executed if a single ASCII 0 is matched. It is not possible to match 0 bytes via glob or regexp
patterns.
Prefacing a pattern with the flag -iwrite causes the variable interact_out(spawn_id) to be set to the
spawn_id which matched the pattern (or eof).
Actions such as break and continue cause control structures (i.e., for, proc) to behave in the usual way.
However return causes interact to return to its caller, while inter_return causes interact to cause a
return in its caller. For example, if "proc foo" called interact which then executed the action
inter_return, proc foo would return. (This means that if interact calls interpreter interactively typing
return will cause the interact to continue, while inter_return will cause the interact to return to its
caller.)
During interact, raw mode is used so that all characters may be passed to the current process. If the cur-
rent process does not catch job control signals, it will stop if sent a stop signal (by default ^Z). To
restart it, send a continue signal (such as by "kill -CONT <pid>"). If you really want to send a SIGSTOP
to such a process (by ^Z), consider spawning csh first and then running your program. On the other hand,
if you want to send a SIGSTOP to Expect itself, first call interpreter (perhaps by using an escape charac-
ter), and then press ^Z.
String-body pairs can be used as a shorthand for avoiding having to enter the interpreter and execute com-
mands interactively. The previous terminal mode is used while the body of a string-body pair is being exe-
cuted.
For speed, actions execute in raw mode by default. The -reset flag resets the terminal to the mode it had
before interact was executed (invariably, cooked mode). Note that characters entered when the mode is
being switched may be lost (an unfortunate feature of the terminal driver on some systems). The only rea-
son to use -reset is if your action depends on running in cooked mode.
The -echo flag sends characters that match the following pattern back to the process that generated them as
each character is read. This may be useful when the user needs to see feedback from partially typed pat-
terns.
If a pattern is being echoed but eventually fails to match, the characters are sent to the spawned process.
If the spawned process then echoes them, the user will see the characters twice. -echo is probably only
appropriate in situations where the user is unlikely to not complete the pattern. For example, the follow-
ing excerpt is from rftp, the recursive-ftp script, where the user is prompted to enter ~g, ~p, or ~l, to
get, put, or list the current directory recursively. These are so far away from the normal ftp commands,
that the user is unlikely to type ~ followed by anything else, except mistakenly, in which case, they'll
probably just ignore the result anyway.
interact {
-echo ~g {getcurdirectory 1}
-echo ~l {getcurdirectory 0}
-echo ~p {putcurdirectory}
}
The -nobuffer flag sends characters that match the following pattern on to the output process as characters
are read.
This is useful when you wish to let a program echo back the pattern. For example, the following might be
used to monitor where a person is dialing (a Hayes-style modem). Each time "atd" is seen the script logs
the rest of the line.
proc lognumber {} {
interact -nobuffer -re "(.*)\r" return
puts $log "[exec date]: dialed $interact_out(1,string)"
}
interact -nobuffer "atd" lognumber
During interact, previous use of log_user is ignored. In particular, interact will force its output to be
logged (sent to the standard output) since it is presumed the user doesn't wish to interact blindly.
The -o flag causes any following key-body pairs to be applied to the output of the current process. This
can be useful, for example, when dealing with hosts that send unwanted characters during a telnet session.
By default, interact expects the user to be writing stdin and reading stdout of the Expect process itself.
The -u flag (for "user") makes interact look for the user as the process named by its argument (which must
be a spawned id).
This allows two unrelated processes to be joined together without using an explicit loop. To aid in debug-
ging, Expect diagnostics always go to stderr (or stdout for certain logging and debugging information).
For the same reason, the interpreter command will read interactively from stdin.
For example, the following fragment creates a login process. Then it dials the user (not shown), and
finally connects the two together. Of course, any process may be substituted for login. A shell, for
example, would allow the user to work without supplying an account and password.
spawn login
set login $spawn_id
spawn tip modem
# dial back out to user
# connect user to login
interact -u $login
To send output to multiple processes, list each spawn id list prefaced by a -output flag. Input for a
group of output spawn ids may be determined by a spawn id list prefaced by a -input flag. (Both -input and
-output may take lists in the same form as the -i flag in the expect command, except that any_spawn_id is
not meaningful in interact.) All following flags and strings (or patterns) apply to this input until
another -input flag appears. If no -input appears, -output implies "-input $user_spawn_id -output". (Sim-
ilarly, with patterns that do not have -input.) If one -input is specified, it overrides $user_spawn_id.
If a second -input is specified, it overrides $spawn_id. Additional -input flags may be specified.
The two implied input processes default to having their outputs specified as $spawn_id and $user_spawn_id
(in reverse). If a -input flag appears with no -output flag, characters from that process are discarded.
The -i flag introduces a replacement for the current spawn_id when no other -input or -output flags are
used. A -i flag implies a -o flag.
It is possible to change the processes that are being interacted with by using indirect spawn ids. (Indi-
rect spawn ids are described in the section on the expect command.) Indirect spawn ids may be specified
with the -i, -u, -input, or -output flags.
interpreter [args]
causes the user to be interactively prompted for Expect and Tcl commands. The result of each command is
printed.
Actions such as break and continue cause control structures (i.e., for, proc) to behave in the usual way.
However return causes interpreter to return to its caller, while inter_return causes interpreter to cause a
return in its caller. For example, if "proc foo" called interpreter which then executed the action
inter_return, proc foo would return. Any other command causes interpreter to continue prompting for new
commands.
By default, the prompt contains two integers. The first integer describes the depth of the evaluation
stack (i.e., how many times Tcl_Eval has been called). The second integer is the Tcl history identifier.
The prompt can be set by defining a procedure called "prompt1" whose return value becomes the next prompt.
If a statement has open quotes, parens, braces, or brackets, a secondary prompt (by default "+> ") is
issued upon newline. The secondary prompt may be set by defining a procedure called "prompt2".
During interpreter, cooked mode is used, even if the its caller was using raw mode.
If stdin is closed, interpreter will return unless the -eof flag is used, in which case the subsequent
argument is invoked.
log_file [args] [[-a] file]
If a filename is provided, log_file will record a transcript of the session (beginning at that point) in
the file. log_file will stop recording if no argument is given. Any previous log file is closed.
Instead of a filename, a Tcl file identifier may be provided by using the -open or -leaveopen flags. This
is similar to the spawn command. (See spawn for more info.)
The -a flag forces output to be logged that was suppressed by the log_user command.
By default, the log_file command appends to old files rather than truncating them, for the convenience of
being able to turn logging off and on multiple times in one session. To truncate files, use the -noappend
flag.
The -info flag causes log_file to return a description of the most recent non-info arguments given.
log_user -info|0|1
By default, the send/expect dialogue is logged to stdout (and a logfile if open). The logging to stdout is
disabled by the command "log_user 0" and reenabled by "log_user 1". Logging to the logfile is unchanged.
The -info flag causes log_user to return a description of the most recent non-info arguments given.
match_max [-d] [-i spawn_id] [size]
defines the size of the buffer (in bytes) used internally by expect. With no size argument, the current
size is returned.
With the -d flag, the default size is set. (The initial default is 2000.) With the -i flag, the size is
set for the named spawn id, otherwise it is set for the current process.
overlay [-# spawn_id] [-# spawn_id] [...] program [args]
executes program args in place of the current Expect program, which terminates. A bare hyphen argument
forces a hyphen in front of the command name as if it was a login shell. All spawn_ids are closed except
for those named as arguments. These are mapped onto the named file identifiers.
Spawn_ids are mapped to file identifiers for the new program to inherit. For example, the following line
runs chess and allows it to be controlled by the current process - say, a chess master.
overlay -0 $spawn_id -1 $spawn_id -2 $spawn_id chess
This is more efficient than "interact -u", however, it sacrifices the ability to do programmed interaction
since the Expect process is no longer in control.
Note that no controlling terminal is provided. Thus, if you disconnect or remap standard input, programs
that do job control (shells, login, etc) will not function properly.
parity [-d] [-i spawn_id] [value]
defines whether parity should be retained or stripped from the output of spawned processes. If value is
zero, parity is stripped, otherwise it is not stripped. With no value argument, the current value is
returned.
With the -d flag, the default parity value is set. (The initial default is 1, i.e., parity is not
stripped.) With the -i flag, the parity value is set for the named spawn id, otherwise it is set for the
current process.
remove_nulls [-d] [-i spawn_id] [value]
defines whether nulls are retained or removed from the output of spawned processes before pattern matching
or storing in the variable expect_out or interact_out. If value is 1, nulls are removed. If value is 0,
nulls are not removed. With no value argument, the current value is returned.
With the -d flag, the default value is set. (The initial default is 1, i.e., nulls are removed.) With the
-i flag, the value is set for the named spawn id, otherwise it is set for the current process.
Whether or not nulls are removed, Expect will record null bytes to the log and stdout.
send [-flags] string
Sends string to the current process. For example, the command
send "hello world\r"
sends the characters, h e l l o <blank> w o r l d <return> to the current process. (Tcl includes a printf-
like command (called format) which can build arbitrarily complex strings.)
Characters are sent immediately although programs with line-buffered input will not read the characters
until a return character is sent. A return character is denoted "\r".
The -- flag forces the next argument to be interpreted as a string rather than a flag. Any string can be
preceded by "--" whether or not it actually looks like a flag. This provides a reliable mechanism to spec-
ify variable strings without being tripped up by those that accidentally look like flags. (All strings
starting with "-" are reserved for future options.)
The -i flag declares that the string be sent to the named spawn_id. If the spawn_id is user_spawn_id, and
the terminal is in raw mode, newlines in the string are translated to return-newline sequences so that they
appear as if the terminal was in cooked mode. The -raw flag disables this translation.
The -null flag sends null characters (0 bytes). By default, one null is sent. An integer may follow the
-null to indicate how many nulls to send.
The -break flag generates a break condition. This only makes sense if the spawn id refers to a tty device
opened via "spawn -open". If you have spawned a process such as tip, you should use tip's convention for
generating a break.
The -s flag forces output to be sent "slowly", thus avoid the common situation where a computer outtypes an
input buffer that was designed for a human who would never outtype the same buffer. This output is con-
trolled by the value of the variable "send_slow" which takes a two element list. The first element is an
integer that describes the number of bytes to send atomically. The second element is a real number that
describes the number of seconds by which the atomic sends must be separated. For example, "set send_slow
{10 .001}" would force "send -s" to send strings with 1 millisecond in between each 10 characters sent.
The -h flag forces output to be sent (somewhat) like a human actually typing. Human-like delays appear
between the characters. (The algorithm is based upon a Weibull distribution, with modifications to suit
this particular application.) This output is controlled by the value of the variable "send_human" which
takes a five element list. The first two elements are average interarrival time of characters in seconds.
The first is used by default. The second is used at word endings, to simulate the subtle pauses that occa-
sionally occur at such transitions. The third parameter is a measure of variability where .1 is quite
variable, 1 is reasonably variable, and 10 is quite invariable. The extremes are 0 to infinity. The last
two parameters are, respectively, a minimum and maximum interarrival time. The minimum and maximum are
used last and "clip" the final time. The ultimate average can be quite different from the given average if
the minimum and maximum clip enough values.
As an example, the following command emulates a fast and consistent typist:
set send_human {.1 .3 1 .05 2}
send -h "I'm hungry. Let's do lunch."
while the following might be more suitable after a hangover:
set send_human {.4 .4 .2 .5 100}
send -h "Goodd party lash night!"
Note that errors are not simulated, although you can set up error correction situations yourself by embed-
ding mistakes and corrections in a send argument.
The flags for sending null characters, for sending breaks, for forcing slow output and for human-style out-
put are mutually exclusive. Only the one specified last will be used. Furthermore, no string argument can
be specified with the flags for sending null characters or breaks.
It is a good idea to precede the first send to a process by an expect. expect will wait for the process to
start, while send cannot. In particular, if the first send completes before the process starts running,
you run the risk of having your data ignored. In situations where interactive programs offer no initial
prompt, you can precede send by a delay as in:
# To avoid giving hackers hints on how to break in,
# this system does not prompt for an external password.
# Wait for 5 seconds for exec to complete
spawn telnet very.secure.gov
sleep 5
send password\r
exp_send is an alias for send. If you are using Expectk or some other variant of Expect in the Tk environ-
ment, send is defined by Tk for an entirely different purpose. exp_send is provided for compatibility
between environments. Similar aliases are provided for other Expect's other send commands.
send_error [-flags] string
is like send, except that the output is sent to stderr rather than the current process.
send_log [--] string
is like send, except that the string is only sent to the log file (see log_file.) The arguments are
ignored if no log file is open.
send_tty [-flags] string
is like send, except that the output is sent to /dev/tty rather than the current process.
send_user [-flags] string
is like send, except that the output is sent to stdout rather than the current process.
sleep seconds
causes the script to sleep for the given number of seconds. Seconds may be a decimal number. Interrupts
(and Tk events if you are using Expectk) are processed while Expect sleeps.
spawn [args] program [args]
creates a new process running program args. Its stdin, stdout and stderr are connected to Expect, so that
they may be read and written by other Expect commands. The connection is broken by close or if the process
itself closes any of the file identifiers.
When a process is started by spawn, the variable spawn_id is set to a descriptor referring to that process.
The process described by spawn_id is considered the current process. spawn_id may be read or written, in
effect providing job control.
user_spawn_id is a global variable containing a descriptor which refers to the user. For example, when
spawn_id is set to this value, expect behaves like expect_user.
error_spawn_id is a global variable containing a descriptor which refers to the standard error. For exam-
ple, when spawn_id is set to this value, send behaves like send_error.
tty_spawn_id is a global variable containing a descriptor which refers to /dev/tty. If /dev/tty does not
exist (such as in a cron, at, or batch script), then tty_spawn_id is not defined. This may be tested as:
if {[info vars tty_spawn_id]} {
# /dev/tty exists
} else {
# /dev/tty doesn't exist
# probably in cron, batch, or at script
}
spawn returns the UNIX process id. If no process is spawned, 0 is returned. The variable
spawn_out(slave,name) is set to the name of the pty slave device.
By default, spawn echoes the command name and arguments. The -noecho flag stops spawn from doing this.
The -console flag causes console output to be redirected to the spawned process. This is not supported on
all systems.
Internally, spawn uses a pty, initialized the same way as the user's tty. This is further initialized so
that all settings are "sane" (according to stty(1)). If the variable stty_init is defined, it is
interpreted in the style of stty arguments as further configuration. For example, "set stty_init raw" will
cause further spawned processes's terminals to start in raw mode. -nottycopy skips the initialization
based on the user's tty. -nottyinit skips the "sane" initialization.
Normally, spawn takes little time to execute. If you notice spawn taking a significant amount of time, it
is probably encountering ptys that are wedged. A number of tests are run on ptys to avoid entanglements
with errant processes. (These take 10 seconds per wedged pty.) Running Expect with the -d option will
show if Expect is encountering many ptys in odd states. If you cannot kill the processes to which these
ptys are attached, your only recourse may be to reboot.
If program cannot be spawned successfully because exec(2) fails (e.g. when program doesn't exist), an error
message will be returned by the next interact or expect command as if program had run and produced the
error message as output. This behavior is a natural consequence of the implementation of spawn. Inter-
nally, spawn forks, after which the spawned process has no way to communicate with the original Expect pro-
cess except by communication via the spawn_id.
The -open flag causes the next argument to be interpreted as a Tcl file identifier (i.e., returned by
open.) The spawn id can then be used as if it were a spawned process. (The file identifier should no
longer be used.) This lets you treat raw devices, files, and pipelines as spawned processes without using
a pty. 0 is returned to indicate there is no associated process. When the connection to the spawned pro-
cess is closed, so is the Tcl file identifier. The -leaveopen flag is similar to -open except that
-leaveopen causes the file identifier to be left open even after the spawn id is closed.
The -pty flag causes a pty to be opened but no process spawned. 0 is returned to indicate there is no
associated process. Spawn_id is set as usual.
The variable spawn_out(slave,fd) is set to a file identifier corresponding to the pty slave. It can be
closed using "close -slave".
The -ignore flag names a signal to be ignored in the spawned process. Otherwise, signals get the default
behavior. Signals are named as in the trap command, except that each signal requires a separate flag.
strace level
causes following statements to be printed before being executed. (Tcl's trace command traces variables.)
level indicates how far down in the call stack to trace. For example, the following command runs Expect
while tracing the first 4 levels of calls, but none below that.
expect -c "strace 4" script.exp
The -info flag causes strace to return a description of the most recent non-info arguments given.
stty args
changes terminal modes similarly to the external stty command.
By default, the controlling terminal is accessed. Other terminals can be accessed by appending "<
/dev/tty..." to the command. (Note that the arguments should not be grouped into a single argument.)
Requests for status return it as the result of the command. If no status is requested and the controlling
terminal is accessed, the previous status of the raw and echo attributes are returned in a form which can
later be used by the command.
For example, the arguments raw or -cooked put the terminal into raw mode. The arguments -raw or cooked put
the terminal into cooked mode. The arguments echo and -echo put the terminal into echo and noecho mode
respectively.
The following example illustrates how to temporarily disable echoing. This could be used in otherwise-
automatic scripts to avoid embedding passwords in them. (See more discussion on this under EXPECT HINTS
below.)
stty -echo
send_user "Password: "
expect_user -re "(.*)\n"
set password $expect_out(1,string)
stty echo
system args
gives args to sh(1) as input, just as if it had been typed as a command from a terminal. Expect waits
until the shell terminates. The return status from sh is handled the same way that exec handles its return
status.
In contrast to exec which redirects stdin and stdout to the script, system performs no redirection (other
than that indicated by the string itself). Thus, it is possible to use programs which must talk directly
to /dev/tty. For the same reason, the results of system are not recorded in the log.
timestamp [args]
returns a timestamp. With no arguments, the number of seconds since the epoch is returned.
The -format flag introduces a string which is returned but with substitutions made according to the POSIX
rules for strftime. For example %a is replaced by an abbreviated weekday name (i.e., Sat). Others are:
%a abbreviated weekday name
%A full weekday name
%b abbreviated month name
%B full month name
%c date-time as in: Wed Oct 6 11:45:56 1993
%d day of the month (01-31)
%H hour (00-23)
%I hour (01-12)
%j day (001-366)
%m month (01-12)
%M minute (00-59)
%p am or pm
%S second (00-61)
%u day (1-7, Monday is first day of week)
%U week (00-53, first Sunday is first day of week one)
%V week (01-53, ISO 8601 style)
%w day (0-6)
%W week (00-53, first Monday is first day of week one)
%x date-time as in: Wed Oct 6 1993
%X time as in: 23:59:59
%y year (00-99)
%Y year as in: 1993
%Z timezone (or nothing if not determinable)
%% a bare percent sign
Other % specifications are undefined. Other characters will be passed through untouched. Only the C
locale is supported.
The -seconds flag introduces a number of seconds since the epoch to be used as a source from which to for-
mat. Otherwise, the current time is used.
The -gmt flag forces timestamp output to use the GMT timezone. With no flag, the local timezone is used.
trap [[command] signals]
causes the given command to be executed upon future receipt of any of the given signals. The command is
executed in the global scope. If command is absent, the signal action is returned. If command is the
string SIG_IGN, the signals are ignored. If command is the string SIG_DFL, the signals are result to the
system default. signals is either a single signal or a list of signals. Signals may be specified numeri-
cally or symbolically as per signal(3). The "SIG" prefix may be omitted.
With no arguments (or the argument -number), trap returns the signal number of the trap command currently
being executed.
The -code flag uses the return code of the command in place of whatever code Tcl was about to return when
the command originally started running.
The -interp flag causes the command to be evaluated using the interpreter active at the time the command
started running rather than when the trap was declared.
The -name flag causes the trap command to return the signal name of the trap command currently being exe-
cuted.
The -max flag causes the trap command to return the largest signal number that can be set.
For example, the command "trap {send_user "Ouch!"} SIGINT" will print "Ouch!" each time the user presses
^C.
By default, SIGINT (which can usually be generated by pressing ^C) and SIGTERM cause Expect to exit. This
is due to the following trap, created by default when Expect starts.
trap exit {SIGINT SIGTERM}
If you use the -D flag to start the debugger, SIGINT is redefined to start the interactive debugger. This
is due to the following trap:
trap {exp_debug 1} SIGINT
The debugger trap can be changed by setting the environment variable EXPECT_DEBUG_INIT to a new trap com-
mand.
You can, of course, override both of these just by adding trap commands to your script. In particular, if
you have your own "trap exit SIGINT", this will override the debugger trap. This is useful if you want to
prevent users from getting to the debugger at all.
If you want to define your own trap on SIGINT but still trap to the debugger when it is running, use:
if {![exp_debug]} {trap mystuff SIGINT}
Alternatively, you can trap to the debugger using some other signal.
trap will not let you override the action for SIGALRM as this is used internally to Expect. The disconnect
command sets SIGALRM to SIG_IGN (ignore). You can reenable this as long as you disable it during subse-
quent spawn commands.
See signal(3) for more info.
wait [args]
delays until a spawned process (or the current process if none is named) terminates.
wait normally returns a list of four integers. The first integer is the pid of the process that was waited
upon. The second integer is the corresponding spawn id. The third integer is -1 if an operating system
error occurred, or 0 otherwise. If the third integer was 0, the fourth integer is the status returned by
the spawned process. If the third integer was -1, the fourth integer is the value of errno set by the
operating system. The global variable errorCode is also set.
Additional elements may appear at the end of the return value from wait. An optional fifth element identi-
fies a class of information. Currently, the only possible value for this element is CHILDKILLED in which
case the next two values are the C-style signal name and a short textual description.
The -i flag declares the process to wait corresponding to the named spawn_id (NOT the process id). Inside
a SIGCHLD handler, it is possible to wait for any spawned process by using the spawn id -1.
The -nowait flag causes the wait to return immediately with the indication of a successful wait. When the
process exits (later), it will automatically disappear without the need for an explicit wait.
The wait command may also be used wait for a forked process using the arguments "-i -1". Unlike its use
with spawned processes, this command can be executed at any time. There is no control over which process
is reaped. However, the return value can be checked for the process id.
LIBRARIES
Expect automatically knows about two built-in libraries for Expect scripts. These are defined by the directories
named in the variables exp_library and exp_exec_library. Both are meant to contain utility files that can be
used by other scripts.
exp_library contains architecture-independent files. exp_exec_library contains architecture-dependent files.
Depending on your system, both directories may be totally empty. The existence of the file
$exp_exec_library/cat-buffers describes whether your /bin/cat buffers by default.
PRETTY-PRINTING
A vgrind definition is available for pretty-printing Expect scripts. Assuming the vgrind definition supplied
with the Expect distribution is correctly installed, you can use it as:
vgrind -lexpect file
EXAMPLES
It many not be apparent how to put everything together that the man page describes. I encourage you to read and
try out the examples in the example directory of the Expect distribution. Some of them are real programs. Oth-
ers are simply illustrative of certain techniques, and of course, a couple are just quick hacks. The INSTALL
file has a quick overview of these programs.
The Expect papers (see SEE ALSO) are also useful. While some papers use syntax corresponding to earlier versions
of Expect, the accompanying rationales are still valid and go into a lot more detail than this man page.
CAVEATS
Extensions may collide with Expect's command names. For example, send is defined by Tk for an entirely different
purpose. For this reason, most of the Expect commands are also available as "exp_XXXX". Commands and variables
beginning with "exp", "inter", "spawn", and "timeout" do not have aliases. Use the extended command names if you
need this compatibility between environments.
Expect takes a rather liberal view of scoping. In particular, variables read by commands specific to the Expect
program will be sought first from the local scope, and if not found, in the global scope. For example, this
obviates the need to place "global timeout" in every procedure you write that uses expect. On the other hand,
variables written are always in the local scope (unless a "global" command has been issued). The most common
problem this causes is when spawn is executed in a procedure. Outside the procedure, spawn_id no longer exists,
so the spawned process is no longer accessible simply because of scoping. Add a "global spawn_id" to such a pro-
cedure.
If you cannot enable the multispawning capability (i.e., your system supports neither select (BSD *.*), poll
(SVR>2), nor something equivalent), Expect will only be able to control a single process at a time. In this
case, do not attempt to set spawn_id, nor should you execute processes via exec while a spawned process is run-
ning. Furthermore, you will not be able to expect from multiple processes (including the user as one) at the
same time.
Terminal parameters can have a big effect on scripts. For example, if a script is written to look for echoing,
it will misbehave if echoing is turned off. For this reason, Expect forces sane terminal parameters by default.
Unfortunately, this can make things unpleasant for other programs. As an example, the emacs shell wants to
change the "usual" mappings: newlines get mapped to newlines instead of carriage-return newlines, and echoing is
disabled. This allows one to use emacs to edit the input line. Unfortunately, Expect cannot possibly guess
this.
You can request that Expect not override its default setting of terminal parameters, but you must then be very
careful when writing scripts for such environments. In the case of emacs, avoid depending upon things like echo-
ing and end-of-line mappings.
The commands that accepted arguments braced into a single list (the expect variants and interact) use a heuristic
to decide if the list is actually one argument or many. The heuristic can fail only in the case when the list
actually does represent a single argument which has multiple embedded \n's with non-whitespace characters between
them. This seems sufficiently improbable, however the argument "-nobrace" can be used to force a single argument
to be handled as a single argument. This could conceivably be used with machine-generated Expect code. Simi-
larly, -brace forces a single argument to be handle as multiple patterns/actions.
BUGS
It was really tempting to name the program "sex" (for either "Smart EXec" or "Send-EXpect"), but good sense (or
perhaps just Puritanism) prevailed.
On some systems, when a shell is spawned, it complains about not being able to access the tty but runs anyway.
This means your system has a mechanism for gaining the controlling tty that Expect doesn't know about. Please
find out what it is, and send this information back to me.
Ultrix 4.1 (at least the latest versions around here) considers timeouts of above 1000000 to be equivalent to 0.
Digital UNIX 4.0A (and probably other versions) refuses to allocate ptys if you define a SIGCHLD handler. See
grantpt page for more info.
IRIX 6.0 does not handle pty permissions correctly so that if Expect attempts to allocate a pty previously used
by someone else, it fails. Upgrade to IRIX 6.1.
Telnet (verified only under SunOS 4.1.2) hangs if TERM is not set. This is a problem under cron, at and in cgi
scripts, which do not define TERM. Thus, you must set it explicitly - to what type is usually irrelevant. It
just has to be set to something! The following probably suffices for most cases.
set env(TERM) vt100
Tip (verified only under BSDI BSD/OS 3.1 i386) hangs if SHELL and HOME are not set. This is a problem under
cron, at and in cgi scripts, which do not define these environment variables. Thus, you must set them explicitly
- to what type is usually irrelevant. It just has to be set to something! The following probably suffices for
most cases.
set env(SHELL) /bin/sh
set env(HOME) /usr/local/bin
Some implementations of ptys are designed so that the kernel throws away any unread output after 10 to 15 seconds
(actual number is implementation-dependent) after the process has closed the file descriptor. Thus Expect pro-
grams such as
spawn date
sleep 20
expect
will fail. To avoid this, invoke non-interactive programs with exec rather than spawn. While such situations
are conceivable, in practice I have never encountered a situation in which the final output of a truly interac-
tive program would be lost due to this behavior.
On the other hand, Cray UNICOS ptys throw away any unread output immediately after the process has closed the
file descriptor. I have reported this to Cray and they are working on a fix.
Sometimes a delay is required between a prompt and a response, such as when a tty interface is changing UART set-
tings or matching baud rates by looking for start/stop bits. Usually, all this is require is to sleep for a sec-
ond or two. A more robust technique is to retry until the hardware is ready to receive input. The following
example uses both strategies:
send "speed 9600\r";
sleep 1
expect {
timeout {send "\r"; exp_continue}
$prompt
}
trap -code will not work with any command that sits in Tcl's event loop, such as sleep. The problem is that in
the event loop, Tcl discards the return codes from async event handlers. A workaround is to set a flag in the
trap code. Then check the flag immediately after the command (i.e., sleep).
The expect_background command ignores -timeout arguments and has no concept of timeouts in general.
EXPECT HINTS
There are a couple of things about Expect that may be non-intuitive. This section attempts to address some of
these things with a couple of suggestions.
A common expect problem is how to recognize shell prompts. Since these are customized differently by differently
people and different shells, portably automating rlogin can be difficult without knowing the prompt. A reason-
able convention is to have users store a regular expression describing their prompt (in particular, the end of
it) in the environment variable EXPECT_PROMPT. Code like the following can be used. If EXPECT_PROMPT doesn't
exist, the code still has a good chance of functioning correctly.
set prompt "(%|#|\\$) $" ;# default prompt
catch {set prompt $env(EXPECT_PROMPT)}
expect -re $prompt
I encourage you to write expect patterns that include the end of whatever you expect to see. This avoids the
possibility of answering a question before seeing the entire thing. In addition, while you may well be able to
answer questions before seeing them entirely, if you answer early, your answer may appear echoed back in the
middle of the question. In other words, the resulting dialogue will be correct but look scrambled.
Most prompts include a space character at the end. For example, the prompt from ftp is 'f', 't', 'p', '>' and
<blank>. To match this prompt, you must account for each of these characters. It is a common mistake not to
include the blank. Put the blank in explicitly.
If you use a pattern of the form X*, the * will match all the output received from the end of X to the last thing
received. This sounds intuitive but can be somewhat confusing because the phrase "last thing received" can vary
depending upon the speed of the computer and the processing of I/O both by the kernel and the device driver.
In particular, humans tend to see program output arriving in huge chunks (atomically) when in reality most pro-
grams produce output one line at a time. Assuming this is the case, the * in the pattern of the previous para-
graph may only match the end of the current line even though there seems to be more, because at the time of the
match that was all the output that had been received.
expect has no way of knowing that further output is coming unless your pattern specifically accounts for it.
Even depending on line-oriented buffering is unwise. Not only do programs rarely make promises about the type of
buffering they do, but system indigestion can break output lines up so that lines break at seemingly random
places. Thus, if you can express the last few characters of a prompt when writing patterns, it is wise to do so.
If you are waiting for a pattern in the last output of a program and the program emits something else instead,
you will not be able to detect that with the timeout keyword. The reason is that expect will not timeout -
instead it will get an eof indication. Use that instead. Even better, use both. That way if that line is ever
moved around, you won't have to edit the line itself.
Newlines are usually converted to carriage return, linefeed sequences when output by the terminal driver. Thus,
if you want a pattern that explicitly matches the two lines, from, say, printf("foo\nbar"), you should use the
pattern "foo\r\nbar".
A similar translation occurs when reading from the user, via expect_user. In this case, when you press return,
it will be translated to a newline. If Expect then passes that to a program which sets its terminal to raw mode
(like telnet), there is going to be a problem, as the program expects a true return. (Some programs are actually
forgiving in that they will automatically translate newlines to returns, but most don't.) Unfortunately, there
is no way to find out that a program put its terminal into raw mode.
Rather than manually replacing newlines with returns, the solution is to use the command "stty raw", which will
stop the translation. Note, however, that this means that you will no longer get the cooked line-editing fea-
tures.
interact implicitly sets your terminal to raw mode so this problem will not arise then.
It is often useful to store passwords (or other private information) in Expect scripts. This is not recommended
since anything that is stored on a computer is susceptible to being accessed by anyone. Thus, interactively
prompting for passwords from a script is a smarter idea than embedding them literally. Nonetheless, sometimes
such embedding is the only possibility.
Unfortunately, the UNIX file system has no direct way of creating scripts which are executable but unreadable.
Systems which support setgid shell scripts may indirectly simulate this as follows:
Create the Expect script (that contains the secret data) as usual. Make its permissions be 750 (-rwxr-x---) and
owned by a trusted group, i.e., a group which is allowed to read it. If necessary, create a new group for this
purpose. Next, create a /bin/sh script with permissions 2751 (-rwxr-s--x) owned by the same group as before.
The result is a script which may be executed (and read) by anyone. When invoked, it runs the Expect script.
RELATED
Tcl(3), libexpect(3) "Exploring Expect: A Tcl-Based Toolkit for Automating Interactive Programs" by Don Libes, pp. 602, ISBN 1-56592-090-2, O'Reilly and Associates, 1995. "expect: Curing Those Uncontrollable Fits of Interactivity" by Don Libes, Proceedings of the Summer 1990 USENIX Conference, Anaheim, California, June 11-15, 1990. "Using expect to Automate System Administration Tasks" by Don Libes, Proceedings of the 1990 USENIX Large Instal- lation Systems Administration Conference, Colorado Springs, Colorado, October 17-19, 1990. "Tcl: An Embeddable Command Language" by John Ousterhout, Proceedings of the Winter 1990 USENIX Conference, Wash- ington, D.C., January 22-26, 1990. "expect: Scripts for Controlling Interactive Programs" by Don Libes, Computing Systems, Vol. 4, No. 2, University of California Press Journals, November 1991. "Regression Testing and Conformance Testing Interactive Programs", by Don Libes, Proceedings of the Summer 1992 USENIX Conference, pp. 135-144, San Antonio, TX, June 12-15, 1992. "Kibitz - Connecting Multiple Interactive Programs Together", by Don Libes, Software - Practice & Experience, John Wiley & Sons, West Sussex, England, Vol. 23, No. 5, May, 1993. "A Debugger for Tcl Applications", by Don Libes, Proceedings of the 1993 Tcl/Tk Workshop, Berkeley, CA, June 10-11, 1993.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Thanks to John Ousterhout for Tcl, and Scott Paisley for inspiration. Thanks to Rob Savoye for Expect's autocon-
figuration code.
The HISTORY file documents much of the evolution of expect. It makes interesting reading and might give you fur-
ther insight to this software. Thanks to the people mentioned in it who sent me bug fixes and gave other assis-
tance.
Design and implementation of Expect was paid for in part by the U.S. government and is therefore in the public
domain. However the author and NIST would like credit if this program and documentation or portions of them are
used.