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      perltoc - perl documentation table of contents
      

Contents

DESCRIPTION

      This page provides a brief table of contents for the rest of the Perl
      documentation set.  It is meant to be scanned quickly or grepped
      through to locate the proper section you're looking for.

BASIC DOCUMENTATION

      perl - Practical Extraction and Report Language
 
      SYNOPSIS
          Overview
          Tutorials
          Reference Manual
          Internals and C Language Interface
          Miscellaneous
          Language-Specific
          Platform-Specific
      DESCRIPTION
      AVAILABILITY
      ENVIRONMENT
      AUTHOR
      FILES
      SEE ALSO
      DIAGNOSTICS
      BUGS
      NOTES
 
      perlintro -- a brief introduction and overview of Perl
 
      DESCRIPTION
          What is Perl?
          Running Perl programs
          Basic syntax overview
          Perl variable types
              Scalars, Arrays, Hashes
 
          Variable scoping
          Conditional and looping constructs
              if, while, for, foreach
 
          Builtin operators and functions
              Arithmetic, Numeric comparison, String comparison, Boolean
              logic, Miscellaneous
 
          Files and I/O
          Regular expressions
              Simple matching, Simple substitution, More complex regular
              expressions, Parentheses for capturing, Other regexp features
 
          Writing subroutines
          OO Perl
          Using Perl modules
      AUTHOR
 
      perlreftut - Mark's very short tutorial about references
 
      DESCRIPTION
      Who Needs Complicated Data Structures?
      The Solution
      Syntax
          Making References
          Using References
          An Example
          Arrow Rule
      Solution
      The Rest
      Summary
      Credits
          Distribution Conditions
 
      perldsc - Perl Data Structures Cookbook
 
      DESCRIPTION
          arrays of arrays, hashes of arrays, arrays of hashes, hashes of
          hashes, more elaborate constructs
 
      REFERENCES
      COMMON MISTAKES
      CAVEAT ON PRECEDENCE
      WHY YOU SHOULD ALWAYS "use strict"
      DEBUGGING
      CODE EXAMPLES
      ARRAYS OF ARRAYS
          Declaration of an ARRAY OF ARRAYS
          Generation of an ARRAY OF ARRAYS
          Access and Printing of an ARRAY OF ARRAYS
      HASHES OF ARRAYS
          Declaration of a HASH OF ARRAYS
          Generation of a HASH OF ARRAYS
          Access and Printing of a HASH OF ARRAYS
      ARRAYS OF HASHES
          Declaration of an ARRAY OF HASHES
          Generation of an ARRAY OF HASHES
          Access and Printing of an ARRAY OF HASHES
      HASHES OF HASHES
          Declaration of a HASH OF HASHES
          Generation of a HASH OF HASHES
          Access and Printing of a HASH OF HASHES
      MORE ELABORATE RECORDS
          Declaration of MORE ELABORATE RECORDS
          Declaration of a HASH OF COMPLEX RECORDS
          Generation of a HASH OF COMPLEX RECORDS
      Database Ties
      SEE ALSO
      AUTHOR
 
      perllol - Manipulating Arrays of Arrays in Perl
 
      DESCRIPTION
          Declaration and Access of Arrays of Arrays
          Growing Your Own
          Access and Printing
          Slices
      SEE ALSO
      AUTHOR
 
      perlrequick - Perl regular expressions quick start
 
      DESCRIPTION
      The Guide
          Simple word matching
          Using character classes
          Matching this or that
          Grouping things and hierarchical matching
          Extracting matches
          Matching repetitions
          More matching
          Search and replace
          The split operator
      BUGS
      SEE ALSO
      AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
          Acknowledgments
 
      perlretut - Perl regular expressions tutorial
 
      DESCRIPTION
      Part 1: The basics
          Simple word matching
          Using character classes
          Matching this or that
          Grouping things and hierarchical matching
          Extracting matches
          Matching repetitions
          Building a regexp
          Using regular expressions in Perl
      Part 2: Power tools
          More on characters, strings, and character classes
          Compiling and saving regular expressions
          Embedding comments and modifiers in a regular expression
          Non-capturing groupings
          Looking ahead and looking behind
          Using independent subexpressions to prevent backtracking
          Conditional expressions
          A bit of magic: executing Perl code in a regular expression
          Pragmas and debugging
      BUGS
      SEE ALSO
      AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
          Acknowledgments
 
      perlboot - Beginner's Object-Oriented Tutorial
 
      DESCRIPTION
          If we could talk to the animals...
          Introducing the method invocation arrow
          Invoking a barnyard
          The extra parameter of method invocation
          Calling a second method to simplify things
          Inheriting the windpipes
          A few notes about @ISA
          Overriding the methods
          Starting the search from a different place
          The SUPER way of doing things
          Where we're at so far...
          A horse is a horse, of course of course -- or is it?
          Invoking an instance method
          Accessing the instance data
          How to build a horse
          Inheriting the constructor
          Making a method work with either classes or instances
          Adding parameters to a method
          More interesting instances
          A horse of a different color
          Summary
      SEE ALSO
      COPYRIGHT
 
      perltoot - Tom's object-oriented tutorial for perl
 
      DESCRIPTION
      Creating a Class
          Object Representation
          Class Interface
          Constructors and Instance Methods
          Planning for the Future: Better Constructors
          Destructors
          Other Object Methods
      Class Data
          Accessing Class Data
          Debugging Methods
          Class Destructors
          Documenting the Interface
      Aggregation
      Inheritance
          Overridden Methods
          Multiple Inheritance
          UNIVERSAL: The Root of All Objects
      Alternate Object Representations
          Arrays as Objects
          Closures as Objects
      AUTOLOAD: Proxy Methods
          Autoloaded Data Methods
          Inherited Autoloaded Data Methods
      Metaclassical Tools
          Class::Struct
          Data Members as Variables
      NOTES
          Object Terminology
      SEE ALSO
      AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
      COPYRIGHT
          Acknowledgments
 
      perltooc - Tom's OO Tutorial for Class Data in Perl
 
      DESCRIPTION
      Class Data in a Can
      Class Data as Package Variables
          Putting All Your Eggs in One Basket
          Inheritance Concerns
          The Eponymous Meta-Object
          Indirect References to Class Data
          Monadic Classes
          Translucent Attributes
      Class Data as Lexical Variables
          Privacy and Responsibility
          File-Scoped Lexicals
          More Inheritance Concerns
          Locking the Door and Throwing Away the Key
          Translucency Revisited
      NOTES
      SEE ALSO
      AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
      ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
      HISTORY
 
      perlbot - Bag'o Object Tricks (the BOT)
 
      DESCRIPTION
      OO SCALING TIPS
      INSTANCE VARIABLES
      SCALAR INSTANCE VARIABLES
      INSTANCE VARIABLE INHERITANCE
      OBJECT RELATIONSHIPS
      OVERRIDING SUPERCLASS METHODS
      USING RELATIONSHIP WITH SDBM
      THINKING OF CODE REUSE
      CLASS CONTEXT AND THE OBJECT
      INHERITING A CONSTRUCTOR
      DELEGATION
      SEE ALSO
 
      perlstyle - Perl style guide
 
      DESCRIPTION
 
      perlcheat - Perl 5 Cheat Sheet
 
      DESCRIPTION
          The sheet
      ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
      AUTHOR
      SEE ALSO
 
      perltrap - Perl traps for the unwary
 
      DESCRIPTION
          Awk Traps
          C/C++ Traps
          Sed Traps
          Shell Traps
          Perl Traps
          Perl4 to Perl5 Traps
              Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps, Parsing Traps,
              Numerical Traps, General data type traps, Context Traps -
              scalar, list contexts, Precedence Traps, General Regular
              Expression Traps using s///, etc, Subroutine, Signal, Sorting
              Traps, OS Traps, DBM Traps, Unclassified Traps
 
          Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps
              Symbols starting with "_" no longer forced into main, Double-
              colon valid package separator in variable name, 2nd and 3rd
              args to "splice()" are now in scalar context, Can't do "goto"
              into a block that is optimized away, Can't use whitespace as
              variable name or quote delimiter, "while/if BLOCK BLOCK" gone,
              "**" binds tighter than unary minus, "foreach" changed when
              iterating over a list, "split" with no args behavior changed,
              -e behavior fixed, "push" returns number of elements in result-
              ing list, Some error messages differ, "split()" honors subrou-
              tine args, Bugs removed
 
          Parsing Traps
              Space between . and = triggers syntax error, Better parsing in
              perl 5, Function parsing, String interpolation of $#array dif-
              fers, Perl guesses on "map", "grep" followed by "{" if it
              starts BLOCK or hash ref
 
          Numerical Traps
              Formatted output and significant digits, Auto-increment opera-
              tor over signed int limit deleted, Assignment of return values
              from numeric equality tests doesn't work, Bitwise string ops
 
          General data type traps
              Negative array subscripts now count from the end of array, Set-
              ting $#array lower now discards array elements, Hashes get
              defined before use, Glob assignment from localized variable to
              variable, Assigning "undef" to glob, Changes in unary negation
              (of strings), Modifying of constants prohibited, "defined $var"
              behavior changed, Variable Suicide
 
          Context Traps - scalar, list contexts
              Elements of argument lists for formats evaluated in list con-
              text, "caller()" returns false value in scalar context if no
              caller present, Comma operator in scalar context gives scalar
              context to args, "sprintf()" prototyped as "($;@)"
 
          Precedence Traps
              LHS vs. RHS of any assignment operator, Semantic errors intro-
              duced due to precedence, Precedence of assignment operators
              same as the precedence of assignment, "open" requires parenthe-
              ses around filehandle, $: precedence over $:: gone, Precedence
              of file test operators documented, "keys", "each", "values" are
              regular named unary operators
 
          General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc.
              "s'$lhs'$rhs'" interpolates on either side, "m//g" attaches its
              state to the searched string, "m//o" used within an anonymous
              sub, $+ isn't set to whole match, Substitution now returns null
              string if it fails, "s`lhs`rhs`" is now a normal substitution,
              Stricter parsing of variables in regular expressions, "m?x?"
              matches only once, Failed matches don't reset the match vari-
              ables
 
          Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps
              Barewords that used to look like strings look like subroutine
              calls, Reverse is no longer allowed as the name of a sort sub-
              routine, "warn()" won't let you specify a filehandle
 
          OS Traps
              SysV resets signal handler correctly, SysV "seek()" appends
              correctly
 
          Interpolation Traps
              "@" always interpolates an array in double-quotish strings,
              Double-quoted strings may no longer end with an unescaped $,
              Arbitrary expressions are evaluated inside braces within double
              quotes, $$x now tries to dereference $x, Creation of hashes on
              the fly with "eval "EXPR"" requires protection, Bugs in earlier
              perl versions, Array and hash brackets during interpolation,
              Interpolation of "\$$foo{bar}", "qq()" string passed to "eval"
              will not find string terminator
 
          DBM Traps
              Perl5 must have been linked with same dbm/ndbm as the default
              for "dbmopen()", DBM exceeding limit on the key/value size will
              cause perl5 to exit immediately
 
          Unclassified Traps
              "require"/"do" trap using returned value, "split" on empty
              string with LIMIT specified
 
      perldebtut - Perl debugging tutorial
 
      DESCRIPTION
      use strict
      Looking at data and -w and v
      help
      Stepping through code
      Placeholder for a, w, t, T
      REGULAR EXPRESSIONS
      OUTPUT TIPS
      CGI
      GUIs
      SUMMARY
      SEE ALSO
      AUTHOR
      CONTRIBUTORS
 
      perlfaq - frequently asked questions about Perl ($Date: 2005/03/27
      07:21:21 $)
 
      DESCRIPTION
          Where to get the perlfaq
          How to contribute to the perlfaq
          What will happen if you mail your Perl programming problems to the
          authors
      Credits
      Author and Copyright Information
          Bundled Distributions
          Disclaimer
      Table of Contents
          perlfaq  - this document, perlfaq1 - General Questions About Perl,
          perlfaq2 - Obtaining and Learning about Perl, perlfaq3 - Program-
          ming Tools, perlfaq4 - Data Manipulation, perlfaq5 - Files and For-
          mats, perlfaq6 - Regular Expressions, perlfaq7 - General Perl Lan-
          guage Issues, perlfaq8 - System Interaction, perlfaq9 - Networking
 
      The Questions
          perlfaq1: General Questions About Perl
          perlfaq2: Obtaining and Learning about Perl
          perlfaq3: Programming Tools
          perlfaq4: Data Manipulation
          perlfaq5: Files and Formats
          perlfaq6: Regular Expressions
          perlfaq7: General Perl Language Issues
          perlfaq8: System Interaction
          perlfaq9: Networking
 
      perlfaq1 - General Questions About Perl ($Revision: 1.17 $, $Date:
      2005/01/31 15:52:15 $)
 
      DESCRIPTION
          What is Perl?
          Who supports Perl?  Who develops it?  Why is it free?
          Which version of Perl should I use?
          What are perl4, perl5, or perl6?
          What is Ponie?
          What is perl6?
          How stable is Perl?
          Is Perl difficult to learn?
          How does Perl compare with other languages like Java, Python, REXX,
          Scheme, or Tcl?
          Can I do [task] in Perl?
          When shouldn't I program in Perl?
          What's the difference between "perl" and "Perl"?
          Is it a Perl program or a Perl script?
          What is a JAPH?
          Where can I get a list of Larry Wall witticisms?
          How can I convince my sysadmin/supervisor/employees to use version
          5/5.6.1/Perl instead of some other language?
      AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
 
      perlfaq2 - Obtaining and Learning about Perl ($Revision: 1.31 $, $Date:
      2005/01/31 15:54:44 $)
 
      DESCRIPTION
          What machines support Perl?  Where do I get it?
          How can I get a binary version of Perl?
          I don't have a C compiler on my system.  How can I compile perl?
          I copied the Perl binary from one machine to another, but scripts
          don't work.
          I grabbed the sources and tried to compile but gdbm/dynamic load-
          ing/malloc/linking/... failed.  How do I make it work?
          What modules and extensions are available for Perl?  What is CPAN?
          What does CPAN/src/... mean?
          Is there an ISO or ANSI certified version of Perl?
          Where can I get information on Perl?
          What are the Perl newsgroups on Usenet?  Where do I post questions?
          Where should I post source code?
          Perl Books
              References, Tutorials, Task-Oriented, Special Topics
 
          Perl in Magazines
          Perl on the Net: FTP and WWW Access
          What mailing lists are there for Perl?
          Archives of comp.lang.perl.misc
          Where can I buy a commercial version of Perl?
          Where do I send bug reports?
          What is perl.com? Perl Mongers? pm.org? perl.org? cpan.org?
      AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
 
      perlfaq3 - Programming Tools ($Revision: 1.47 $, $Date: 2005/03/27
      07:21:22 $)
 
      DESCRIPTION
          How do I do (anything)?
          How can I use Perl interactively?
          Is there a Perl shell?
          How do I find which modules are installed on my system?
          How do I debug my Perl programs?
          How do I profile my Perl programs?
          How do I cross-reference my Perl programs?
          Is there a pretty-printer (formatter) for Perl?
          Is there a ctags for Perl?
          Is there an IDE or Windows Perl Editor?
              Eclipse, Komodo, Open Perl IDE, OptiPerl, PerlBuilder,
              visiPerl+, Visual Perl, GNU Emacs, MicroEMACS, XEmacs, Jed,
              Elvis, Vile, Vim, Codewright, MultiEdit, SlickEdit, Bash, Ksh,
              Tcsh, Zsh, Affrus, Alpha, BBEdit and BBEdit Lite
 
          Where can I get Perl macros for vi?
          Where can I get perl-mode for emacs?
          How can I use curses with Perl?
          How can I use X or Tk with Perl?
          How can I make my Perl program run faster?
          How can I make my Perl program take less memory?
              Don't slurp!, Use map and grep selectively, Avoid unnecessary
              quotes and stringification, Pass by reference, Tie large vari-
              ables to disk
 
          Is it safe to return a reference to local or lexical data?
          How can I free an array or hash so my program shrinks?
          How can I make my CGI script more efficient?
          How can I hide the source for my Perl program?
          How can I compile my Perl program into byte code or C?
          How can I compile Perl into Java?
          How can I get "#!perl" to work on [MS-DOS,NT,...]?
          Can I write useful Perl programs on the command line?
          Why don't Perl one-liners work on my DOS/Mac/VMS system?
          Where can I learn about CGI or Web programming in Perl?
          Where can I learn about object-oriented Perl programming?
          Where can I learn about linking C with Perl? [h2xs, xsubpp]
          I've read perlembed, perlguts, etc., but I can't embed perl in my C
          program; what am I doing wrong?
          When I tried to run my script, I got this message. What does it
          mean?
          What's MakeMaker?
      AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
 
      perlfaq4 - Data Manipulation ($Revision: 1.61 $, $Date: 2005/03/11
      16:27:53 $)
 
      DESCRIPTION
      Data: Numbers
          Why am I getting long decimals (eg, 19.9499999999999) instead of
          the numbers I should be getting (eg, 19.95)?
          Why is int() broken?
          Why isn't my octal data interpreted correctly?
          Does Perl have a round() function?  What about ceil() and floor()?
          Trig functions?
          How do I convert between numeric representations/bases/radixes?
              How do I convert hexadecimal into decimal, How do I convert
              from decimal to hexadecimal, How do I convert from octal to
              decimal, How do I convert from decimal to octal, How do I con-
              vert from binary to decimal, How do I convert from decimal to
              binary
 
          Why doesn't & work the way I want it to?
          How do I multiply matrices?
          How do I perform an operation on a series of integers?
          How can I output Roman numerals?
          Why aren't my random numbers random?
          How do I get a random number between X and Y?
      Data: Dates
          How do I find the day or week of the year?
          How do I find the current century or millennium?
          How can I compare two dates and find the difference?
          How can I take a string and turn it into epoch seconds?
          How can I find the Julian Day?
          How do I find yesterday's date?
          Does Perl have a Year 2000 problem?  Is Perl Y2K compliant?
      Data: Strings
          How do I validate input?
          How do I unescape a string?
          How do I remove consecutive pairs of characters?
          How do I expand function calls in a string?
          How do I find matching/nesting anything?
          How do I reverse a string?
          How do I expand tabs in a string?
          How do I reformat a paragraph?
          How can I access or change N characters of a string?
          How do I change the Nth occurrence of something?
          How can I count the number of occurrences of a substring within a
          string?
          How do I capitalize all the words on one line?
          How can I split a [character] delimited string except when inside
          [character]?
          How do I strip blank space from the beginning/end of a string?
          How do I pad a string with blanks or pad a number with zeroes?
          How do I extract selected columns from a string?
          How do I find the soundex value of a string?
          How can I expand variables in text strings?
          What's wrong with always quoting "$vars"?
          Why don't my <<HERE documents work?
              There must be no space after the << part, There (probably)
              should be a semicolon at the end, You can't (easily) have any
              space in front of the tag
 
      Data: Arrays
          What is the difference between a list and an array?
          What is the difference between $array[1] and @array[1]?
          How can I remove duplicate elements from a list or array?
              a), b), c), d), e)
 
          How can I tell whether a certain element is contained in a list or
          array?
          How do I compute the difference of two arrays?  How do I compute
          the intersection of two arrays?
          How do I test whether two arrays or hashes are equal?
          How do I find the first array element for which a condition is
          true?
          How do I handle linked lists?
          How do I handle circular lists?
          How do I shuffle an array randomly?
          How do I process/modify each element of an array?
          How do I select a random element from an array?
          How do I permute N elements of a list?
          How do I sort an array by (anything)?
          How do I manipulate arrays of bits?
          Why does defined() return true on empty arrays and hashes?
      Data: Hashes (Associative Arrays)
          How do I process an entire hash?
          What happens if I add or remove keys from a hash while iterating
          over it?
          How do I look up a hash element by value?
          How can I know how many entries are in a hash?
          How do I sort a hash (optionally by value instead of key)?
          How can I always keep my hash sorted?
          What's the difference between "delete" and "undef" with hashes?
          Why don't my tied hashes make the defined/exists distinction?
          How do I reset an each() operation part-way through?
          How can I get the unique keys from two hashes?
          How can I store a multidimensional array in a DBM file?
          How can I make my hash remember the order I put elements into it?
          Why does passing a subroutine an undefined element in a hash create
          it?
          How can I make the Perl equivalent of a C structure/C++ class/hash
          or array of hashes or arrays?
          How can I use a reference as a hash key?
      Data: Misc
          How do I handle binary data correctly?
          How do I determine whether a scalar is a number/whole/inte-
          ger/float?
          How do I keep persistent data across program calls?
          How do I print out or copy a recursive data structure?
          How do I define methods for every class/object?
          How do I verify a credit card checksum?
          How do I pack arrays of doubles or floats for XS code?
      AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
 
      perlfaq5 - Files and Formats ($Revision: 1.35 $, $Date: 2005/01/21
      12:26:11 $)
 
      DESCRIPTION
          How do I flush/unbuffer an output filehandle?  Why must I do this?
          How do I change one line in a file/delete a line in a file/insert a
          line in the middle of a file/append to the beginning of a file?
          How do I count the number of lines in a file?
          How can I use Perl's "-i" option from within a program?
          How can I copy a file?
          How do I make a temporary file name?
          How can I manipulate fixed-record-length files?
          How can I make a filehandle local to a subroutine?  How do I pass
          filehandles between subroutines?  How do I make an array of file-
          handles?
          How can I use a filehandle indirectly?
          How can I set up a footer format to be used with write()?
          How can I write() into a string?
          How can I output my numbers with commas added?
          How can I translate tildes (~) in a filename?
          How come when I open a file read-write it wipes it out?
          Why do I sometimes get an "Argument list too long" when I use <*>?
          Is there a leak/bug in glob()?
          How can I open a file with a leading ">" or trailing blanks?
          How can I reliably rename a file?
          How can I lock a file?
          Why can't I just open(FH, ">file.lock")?
          I still don't get locking.  I just want to increment the number in
          the file.  How can I do this?
          All I want to do is append a small amount of text to the end of a
          file.  Do I still have to use locking?
          How do I randomly update a binary file?
          How do I get a file's timestamp in perl?
          How do I set a file's timestamp in perl?
          How do I print to more than one file at once?
          How can I read in an entire file all at once?
          How can I read in a file by paragraphs?
          How can I read a single character from a file?  From the keyboard?
          How can I tell whether there's a character waiting on a filehandle?
          How do I do a "tail -f" in perl?
          How do I dup() a filehandle in Perl?
          How do I close a file descriptor by number?
          Why can't I use "C:\temp\foo" in DOS paths?  Why doesn't
          `C:\temp\foo.exe` work?
          Why doesn't glob("*.*") get all the files?
          Why does Perl let me delete read-only files?  Why does "-i" clobber
          protected files?  Isn't this a bug in Perl?
          How do I select a random line from a file?
          Why do I get weird spaces when I print an array of lines?
      AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
 
      perlfaq6 - Regular Expressions ($Revision: 1.31 $, $Date: 2005/03/27
      07:17:28 $)
 
      DESCRIPTION
          How can I hope to use regular expressions without creating illegi-
          ble and unmaintainable code?
              Comments Outside the Regex, Comments Inside the Regex, Differ-
              ent Delimiters
 
          I'm having trouble matching over more than one line.  What's wrong?
          How can I pull out lines between two patterns that are themselves
          on different lines?
          I put a regular expression into $/ but it didn't work. What's
          wrong?
          How do I substitute case insensitively on the LHS while preserving
          case on the RHS?
          How can I make "\w" match national character sets?
          How can I match a locale-smart version of "/[a-zA-Z]/"?
          How can I quote a variable to use in a regex?
          What is "/o" really for?
          How do I use a regular expression to strip C style comments from a
          file?
          Can I use Perl regular expressions to match balanced text?
          What does it mean that regexes are greedy?  How can I get around
          it?
          How do I process each word on each line?
          How can I print out a word-frequency or line-frequency summary?
          How can I do approximate matching?
          How do I efficiently match many regular expressions at once?
          Why don't word-boundary searches with "\b" work for me?
          Why does using $&, $`, or $' slow my program down?
          Are Perl regexes DFAs or NFAs?  Are they POSIX compliant?
          What's wrong with using grep in a void context?
          How can I match strings with multibyte characters?
          How do I match a pattern that is supplied by the user?
      AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
 
      perlfaq7 - General Perl Language Issues ($Revision: 1.22 $, $Date:
      2005/03/27 07:19:01 $)
 
      DESCRIPTION
          Can I get a BNF/yacc/RE for the Perl language?
          What are all these $@%&* punctuation signs, and how do I know when
          to use them?
          Do I always/never have to quote my strings or use semicolons and
          commas?
          How do I skip some return values?
          How do I temporarily block warnings?
          What's an extension?
          Why do Perl operators have different precedence than C operators?
          How do I declare/create a structure?
          How do I create a module?
          How do I create a class?
          How can I tell if a variable is tainted?
          What's a closure?
          What is variable suicide and how can I prevent it?
          How can I pass/return a {Function, FileHandle, Array, Hash, Method,
          Regex}?
              Passing Variables and Functions, Passing Filehandles, Passing
              Regexes, Passing Methods
 
          How do I create a static variable?
          What's the difference between dynamic and lexical (static) scoping?
          Between local() and my()?
          How can I access a dynamic variable while a similarly named lexical
          is in scope?
          What's the difference between deep and shallow binding?
          Why doesn't "my($foo) = <FILE>;" work right?
          How do I redefine a builtin function, operator, or method?
          What's the difference between calling a function as &foo and foo()?
          How do I create a switch or case statement?
          How can I catch accesses to undefined variables, functions, or
          methods?
          Why can't a method included in this same file be found?
          How can I find out my current package?
          How can I comment out a large block of perl code?
          How do I clear a package?
          How can I use a variable as a variable name?
          What does "bad interpreter" mean?
      AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
 
      perlfaq8 - System Interaction ($Revision: 1.23 $, $Date: 2005/01/03
      18:43:37 $)
 
      DESCRIPTION
          How do I find out which operating system I'm running under?
          How come exec() doesn't return?
          How do I do fancy stuff with the keyboard/screen/mouse?
              Keyboard, Screen, Mouse
 
          How do I print something out in color?
          How do I read just one key without waiting for a return key?
          How do I check whether input is ready on the keyboard?
          How do I clear the screen?
          How do I get the screen size?
          How do I ask the user for a password?
          How do I read and write the serial port?
              lockfiles, open mode, end of line, flushing output, non-block-
              ing input
 
          How do I decode encrypted password files?
          How do I start a process in the background?
              STDIN, STDOUT, and STDERR are shared, Signals, Zombies
 
          How do I trap control characters/signals?
          How do I modify the shadow password file on a Unix system?
          How do I set the time and date?
          How can I sleep() or alarm() for under a second?
          How can I measure time under a second?
          How can I do an atexit() or setjmp()/longjmp()? (Exception han-
          dling)
          Why doesn't my sockets program work under System V (Solaris)?  What
          does the error message "Protocol not supported" mean?
          How can I call my system's unique C functions from Perl?
          Where do I get the include files to do ioctl() or syscall()?
          Why do setuid perl scripts complain about kernel problems?
          How can I open a pipe both to and from a command?
          Why can't I get the output of a command with system()?
          How can I capture STDERR from an external command?
          Why doesn't open() return an error when a pipe open fails?
          What's wrong with using backticks in a void context?
          How can I call backticks without shell processing?
          Why can't my script read from STDIN after I gave it EOF (^D on
          Unix, ^Z on MS-DOS)?
          How can I convert my shell script to perl?
          Can I use perl to run a telnet or ftp session?
          How can I write expect in Perl?
          Is there a way to hide perl's command line from programs such as
          "ps"?
          I {changed directory, modified my environment} in a perl
          script. How come the change disappeared when I exited the script?
          How do I get my changes to be visible?
              Unix
 
          How do I close a process's filehandle without waiting for it to
          complete?
          How do I fork a daemon process?
          How do I find out if I'm running interactively or not?
          How do I timeout a slow event?
          How do I set CPU limits?
          How do I avoid zombies on a Unix system?
          How do I use an SQL database?
          How do I make a system() exit on control-C?
          How do I open a file without blocking?
          How do I tell the difference between errors from the shell and
          perl?
          How do I install a module from CPAN?
          What's the difference between require and use?
          How do I keep my own module/library directory?
          How do I add the directory my program lives in to the mod-
          ule/library search path?
          How do I add a directory to my include path (@INC) at runtime?
          What is socket.ph and where do I get it?
      AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
 
      perlfaq9 - Networking ($Revision: 1.19 $, $Date: 2005/01/21 12:14:12 $)
 
      DESCRIPTION
          What is the correct form of response from a CGI script?
          My CGI script runs from the command line but not the browser.  (500
          Server Error)
          How can I get better error messages from a CGI program?
          How do I remove HTML from a string?
          How do I extract URLs?
          How do I download a file from the user's machine?  How do I open a
          file on another machine?
          How do I make a pop-up menu in HTML?
          How do I fetch an HTML file?
          How do I automate an HTML form submission?
          How do I decode or create those %-encodings on the web?
          How do I redirect to another page?
          How do I put a password on my web pages?
          How do I edit my .htpasswd and .htgroup files with Perl?
          How do I make sure users can't enter values into a form that cause
          my CGI script to do bad things?
          How do I parse a mail header?
          How do I decode a CGI form?
          How do I check a valid mail address?
          How do I decode a MIME/BASE64 string?
          How do I return the user's mail address?
          How do I send mail?
          How do I use MIME to make an attachment to a mail message?
          How do I read mail?
          How do I find out my hostname/domainname/IP address?
          How do I fetch a news article or the active newsgroups?
          How do I fetch/put an FTP file?
          How can I do RPC in Perl?
      AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
 
      perlsyn - Perl syntax
 
      DESCRIPTION
          Declarations
          Comments
          Simple Statements
          Truth and Falsehood
          Statement Modifiers
          Compound Statements
          Loop Control
          For Loops
          Foreach Loops
          Basic BLOCKs and Switch Statements
          Goto
          PODs: Embedded Documentation
          Plain Old Comments (Not!)
 
      perldata - Perl data types
 
      DESCRIPTION
          Variable names
          Context
          Scalar values
          Scalar value constructors
          List value constructors
          Subscripts
          Slices
          Typeglobs and Filehandles
      SEE ALSO
 
      perlop - Perl operators and precedence
 
      DESCRIPTION
          Operator Precedence and Associativity
          Terms and List Operators (Leftward)
          The Arrow Operator
          Auto-increment and Auto-decrement
          Exponentiation
          Symbolic Unary Operators
          Binding Operators
          Multiplicative Operators
          Additive Operators
          Shift Operators
          Named Unary Operators
          Relational Operators
          Equality Operators
          Bitwise And
          Bitwise Or and Exclusive Or
          C-style Logical And
          C-style Logical Or
          Range Operators
          Conditional Operator
          Assignment Operators
          Comma Operator
          List Operators (Rightward)
          Logical Not
          Logical And
          Logical or and Exclusive Or
          C Operators Missing From Perl
              unary &, unary *, (TYPE)
 
          Quote and Quote-like Operators
          Regexp Quote-Like Operators
              ?PATTERN?, m/PATTERN/cgimosx, /PATTERN/cgimosx, q/STRING/,
              'STRING', qq/STRING/, "STRING", qr/STRING/imosx, qx/STRING/,
              `STRING`, qw/STRING/, s/PATTERN/REPLACEMENT/egimosx, tr/SEARCH-
              LIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cds, y/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cds,
              <<EOF
 
          Gory details of parsing quoted constructs
              Finding the end, Removal of backslashes before delimiters,
              Interpolation, "<<'EOF'", "m", "s", "tr///", "y///", ,
              "q//", "", ``, "qq//", "qx//", "<file*glob>", "?RE?", "/RE/",
              "m/RE/", "s/RE/foo/",, Interpolation of regular expressions,
              Optimization of regular expressions
 
          I/O Operators
          Constant Folding
          No-ops
          Bitwise String Operators
          Integer Arithmetic
          Floating-point Arithmetic
          Bigger Numbers
 
      perlsub - Perl subroutines
 
      SYNOPSIS
      DESCRIPTION
          Private Variables via my()
          Persistent Private Variables
          Temporary Values via local()
          Lvalue subroutines
              Lvalue subroutines are EXPERIMENTAL
 
          Passing Symbol Table Entries (typeglobs)
          When to Still Use local()
          Pass by Reference
          Prototypes
          Constant Functions
          Overriding Built-in Functions
          Autoloading
          Subroutine Attributes
      SEE ALSO
 
      perlfunc - Perl builtin functions
 
      DESCRIPTION
          Perl Functions by Category
              Functions for SCALARs or strings, Regular expressions and pat-
              tern matching, Numeric functions, Functions for real @ARRAYs,
              Functions for list data, Functions for real %HASHes, Input and
              output functions, Functions for fixed length data or records,
              Functions for filehandles, files, or directories, Keywords
              related to the control flow of your perl program, Keywords
              related to scoping, Miscellaneous functions, Functions for pro-
              cesses and process groups, Keywords related to perl modules,
              Keywords related to classes and object-orientedness, Low-level
              socket functions, System V interprocess communication func-
              tions, Fetching user and group info, Fetching network info,
              Time-related functions, Functions new in perl5, Functions obso-
              leted in perl5
 
          Portability
          Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions
              -X FILEHANDLE, -X EXPR, -X, abs VALUE, abs, accept NEW-
              SOCKET,GENERICSOCKET, alarm SECONDS, alarm, atan2 Y,X, bind
              SOCKET,NAME, binmode FILEHANDLE, LAYER, binmode FILEHANDLE,
              bless REF,CLASSNAME, bless REF, caller EXPR, caller, chdir
              EXPR, chmod LIST, chomp VARIABLE, chomp( LIST ), chomp, chop
              VARIABLE, chop( LIST ), chop, chown LIST, chr NUMBER, chr,
              chroot FILENAME, chroot, close FILEHANDLE, close, closedir
              DIRHANDLE, connect SOCKET,NAME, continue BLOCK, cos EXPR, cos,
              crypt PLAINTEXT,SALT, dbmclose HASH, dbmopen HASH,DBNAME,MASK,
              defined EXPR, defined, delete EXPR, die LIST, do BLOCK, do SUB-
              ROUTINE(LIST), do EXPR, dump LABEL, dump, each HASH, eof FILE-
              HANDLE, eof (), eof, eval EXPR, eval BLOCK, exec LIST, exec
              PROGRAM LIST, exists EXPR, exit EXPR, exp EXPR, exp, fcntl
              FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, fileno FILEHANDLE, flock FILEHAN-
              DLE,OPERATION, fork, format, formline PICTURE,LIST, getc FILE-
              HANDLE, getc, getlogin, getpeername SOCKET, getpgrp PID, getp-
              pid, getpriority WHICH,WHO, getpwnam NAME, getgrnam NAME, geth-
              ostbyname NAME, getnetbyname NAME, getprotobyname NAME, getp-
              wuid UID, getgrgid GID, getservbyname NAME,PROTO, gethostbyaddr
              ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getnetbyaddr ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getprotobynumber
              NUMBER, getservbyport PORT,PROTO, getpwent, getgrent, gethos-
              tent, getnetent, getprotoent, getservent, setpwent, setgrent,
              sethostent STAYOPEN, setnetent STAYOPEN, setprotoent STAYOPEN,
              setservent STAYOPEN, endpwent, endgrent, endhostent, endnetent,
              endprotoent, endservent, getsockname SOCKET, getsockopt
              SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME, glob EXPR, glob, gmtime EXPR, goto LABEL,
              goto EXPR, goto &NAME, grep BLOCK LIST, grep EXPR,LIST, hex
              EXPR, hex, import, index STR,SUBSTR,POSITION, index STR,SUBSTR,
              int EXPR, int, ioctl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, join
              EXPR,LIST, keys HASH, kill SIGNAL, LIST, last LABEL, last, lc
              EXPR, lc, lcfirst EXPR, lcfirst, length EXPR, length, link OLD-
              FILE,NEWFILE, listen SOCKET,QUEUESIZE, local EXPR, localtime
              EXPR, localtime, lock THING, log EXPR, log, lstat EXPR, lstat,
              m//, map BLOCK LIST, map EXPR,LIST, mkdir FILENAME,MASK, mkdir
              FILENAME, msgctl ID,CMD,ARG, msgget KEY,FLAGS, msgrcv
              ID,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS, msgsnd ID,MSG,FLAGS, my EXPR, my TYPE
              EXPR, my EXPR : ATTRS, my TYPE EXPR : ATTRS, next LABEL, next,
              no Module VERSION LIST, no Module VERSION, no Module LIST, no
              Module, oct EXPR, oct, open FILEHANDLE,EXPR, open FILEHAN-
              DLE,MODE,EXPR, open FILEHANDLE,MODE,EXPR,LIST, open FILEHAN-
              DLE,MODE,REFERENCE, open FILEHANDLE, opendir DIRHANDLE,EXPR,
              ord EXPR, ord, our EXPR, our EXPR TYPE, our EXPR : ATTRS, our
              TYPE EXPR : ATTRS, pack TEMPLATE,LIST, package NAMESPACE, pack-
              age, pipe READHANDLE,WRITEHANDLE, pop ARRAY, pop, pos SCALAR,
              pos, print FILEHANDLE LIST, print LIST, print, printf FILEHAN-
              DLE FORMAT, LIST, printf FORMAT, LIST, prototype FUNCTION, push
              ARRAY,LIST, q/STRING/, qq/STRING/, qr/STRING/, qx/STRING/,
              qw/STRING/, quotemeta EXPR, quotemeta, rand EXPR, rand, read
              FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, read FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,
              readdir DIRHANDLE, readline EXPR, readlink EXPR, readlink,
              readpipe EXPR, recv SOCKET,SCALAR,LENGTH,FLAGS, redo LABEL,
              redo, ref EXPR, ref, rename OLDNAME,NEWNAME, require VERSION,
              require EXPR, require, reset EXPR, reset, return EXPR, return,
              reverse LIST, rewinddir DIRHANDLE, rindex STR,SUBSTR,POSITION,
              rindex STR,SUBSTR, rmdir FILENAME, rmdir, s///, scalar EXPR,
              seek FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE, seekdir DIRHANDLE,POS, select
              FILEHANDLE, select, select RBITS,WBITS,EBITS,TIMEOUT, semctl
              ID,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG, semget KEY,NSEMS,FLAGS, semop KEY,OPSTRING,
              send SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS,TO, send SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS, setpgrp
              PID,PGRP, setpriority WHICH,WHO,PRIORITY, setsockopt
              SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL, shift ARRAY, shift, shmctl
              ID,CMD,ARG, shmget KEY,SIZE,FLAGS, shmread ID,VAR,POS,SIZE,
              shmwrite ID,STRING,POS,SIZE, shutdown SOCKET,HOW, sin EXPR,
              sin, sleep EXPR, sleep, socket SOCKET,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL,
              socketpair SOCKET1,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, sort SUBNAME
              LIST, sort BLOCK LIST, sort LIST, splice ARRAY,OFF-
              SET,LENGTH,LIST, splice ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH, splice ARRAY,OFF-
              SET, splice ARRAY, split /PATTERN/,EXPR,LIMIT, split /PAT-
              TERN/,EXPR, split /PATTERN/, split, sprintf FORMAT, LIST, for-
              mat parameter index, flags, vector flag, (minimum) width, pre-
              cision, or maximum width, size, order of arguments, sqrt EXPR,
              sqrt, srand EXPR, srand, stat FILEHANDLE, stat EXPR, stat,
              study SCALAR, study, sub NAME BLOCK, sub NAME (PROTO) BLOCK,
              sub NAME : ATTRS BLOCK, sub NAME (PROTO) : ATTRS BLOCK, substr
              EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH,REPLACEMENT, substr EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH, sub-
              str EXPR,OFFSET, symlink OLDFILE,NEWFILE, syscall NUMBER, LIST,
              sysopen FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE, sysopen FILEHANDLE,FILE-
              NAME,MODE,PERMS, sysread FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, sys-
              read FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, sysseek FILEHANDLE,POSI-
              TION,WHENCE, system LIST, system PROGRAM LIST, syswrite FILE-
              HANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,
              syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR, tell FILEHANDLE, tell, telldir
              DIRHANDLE, tie VARIABLE,CLASSNAME,LIST, tied VARIABLE, time,
              times, tr///, truncate FILEHANDLE,LENGTH, truncate EXPR,LENGTH,
              uc EXPR, uc, ucfirst EXPR, ucfirst, umask EXPR, umask, undef
              EXPR, undef, unlink LIST, unlink, unpack TEMPLATE,EXPR, untie
              VARIABLE, unshift ARRAY,LIST, use Module VERSION LIST, use Mod-
              ule VERSION, use Module LIST, use Module, use VERSION, utime
              LIST, values HASH, vec EXPR,OFFSET,BITS, wait, waitpid
              PID,FLAGS, wantarray, warn LIST, write FILEHANDLE, write EXPR,
              write, y///
 
      perlopentut - tutorial on opening things in Perl
 
      DESCRIPTION
      Open A la shell
          Simple Opens
          Indirect Filehandles
          Pipe Opens
          The Minus File
          Mixing Reads and Writes
          Filters
      Open A la C
          Permissions A la mode
      Obscure Open Tricks
          Re-Opening Files (dups)
          Dispelling the Dweomer
          Paths as Opens
          Single Argument Open
          Playing with STDIN and STDOUT
      Other I/O Issues
          Opening Non-File Files
          Opening Named Pipes
          Opening Sockets
          Binary Files
          File Locking
          IO Layers
      SEE ALSO
      AUTHOR and COPYRIGHT
      HISTORY
 
      perlpacktut - tutorial on "pack" and "unpack"
 
      DESCRIPTION
      The Basic Principle
      Packing Text
      Packing Numbers
          Integers
          Unpacking a Stack Frame
          How to Eat an Egg on a Net
          Floating point Numbers
      Exotic Templates
          Bit Strings
          Uuencoding
          Doing Sums
          Unicode
          Another Portable Binary Encoding
      Template Grouping
      Lengths and Widths
          String Lengths
          Dynamic Templates
          Counting Repetitions
      Packing and Unpacking C Structures
          The Alignment Pit
          Alignment, Take 2
          Alignment, Take 3
          Pointers for How to Use Them
      Pack Recipes
      Funnies Section
      Authors
 
      perlpod - the Plain Old Documentation format
 
      DESCRIPTION
          Ordinary Paragraph
          Verbatim Paragraph
          Command Paragraph
              "=head1 Heading Text", "=head2 Heading Text", "=head3 Heading
              Text", "=head4 Heading Text", "=over indentlevel", "=item
              stuff...", "=back", "=cut", "=pod", "=begin formatname", "=end
              formatname", "=for formatname text...", "=encoding encoding-
              name"
 
          Formatting Codes
              "I<text>" -- italic text, "B<text>" -- bold text, "C<code>" --
              code text, "L<name>" -- a hyperlink, "E<escape>" -- a character
              escape, "F<filename>" -- used for filenames, "S<text>" -- text
              contains non-breaking spaces, "X<topic name>" -- an index
              entry, "Z<>" -- a null (zero-effect) formatting code
 
          The Intent
          Embedding Pods in Perl Modules
          Hints for Writing Pod
      SEE ALSO
      AUTHOR
 
      perlpodspec - Plain Old Documentation: format specification and notes
 
      DESCRIPTION
      Pod Definitions
      Pod Commands
          "=head1", "=head2", "=head3", "=head4", "=pod", "=cut", "=over",
          "=item", "=back", "=begin formatname", "=end formatname", "=for
          formatname text...", "=encoding encodingname"
 
      Pod Formatting Codes
          "I<text>" -- italic text, "B<text>" -- bold text, "C<code>" -- code
          text, "F<filename>" -- style for filenames, "X<topic name>" -- an
          index entry, "Z<>" -- a null (zero-effect) formatting code,
          "L<name>" -- a hyperlink, "E<escape>" -- a character escape,
          "S<text>" -- text contains non-breaking spaces
 
      Notes on Implementing Pod Processors
      About L<...> Codes
          First:, Second:, Third:, Fourth:, Fifth:, Sixth:
 
      About =over...=back Regions
      About Data Paragraphs and "=begin/=end" Regions
      SEE ALSO
      AUTHOR
 
      perlrun - how to execute the Perl interpreter
 
      SYNOPSIS
      DESCRIPTION
          #! and quoting on non-Unix systems
              OS/2, MS-DOS, Win95/NT, Macintosh, VMS
 
          Location of Perl
          Command Switches
              -0[octal/hexadecimal], -a, -C [number/list], -c, -d, -dt,
              -d:foo[=bar,baz], -dt:foo[=bar,baz], -Dletters, -Dnumber, -e
              commandline, -f, -Fpattern, -h, -i[extension], -Idirectory,
              -l[octnum], -m[-]module, -M[-]module, -M[-]'module ...',
              -[mM][-]module=arg[,arg]..., -n, -p, -P, -s, -S, -t, -T, -u,
              -U, -v, -V, -V:configvar, -w, -W, -X, -x, -x directory
 
      ENVIRONMENT
          HOME, LOGDIR, PATH, PERL5LIB, PERL5OPT, PERLIO, :bytes, :crlf,
          :mmap, :perlio, :pop, :raw, :stdio, :unix, :utf8, :win32, PER-
          LIO_DEBUG, PERLLIB, PERL5DB, PERL5DB_THREADED, PERL5SHELL (specific
          to the Win32 port), PERL_ALLOW_NON_IFS_LSP (specific to the Win32
          port), PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS, PERL_DESTRUCT_LEVEL, PERL_DL_NONLAZY,
          PERL_ENCODING, PERL_HASH_SEED, PERL_HASH_SEED_DEBUG, PERL_ROOT
          (specific to the VMS port), PERL_SIGNALS, PERL_UNICODE, SYS$LOGIN
          (specific to the VMS port)
 
      perldiag - various Perl diagnostics
 
      DESCRIPTION
 
      perllexwarn - Perl Lexical Warnings
 
      DESCRIPTION
          Default Warnings and Optional Warnings
          What's wrong with -w and $^W
          Controlling Warnings from the Command Line
              -w, -W, -X
 
          Backward Compatibility
          Category Hierarchy
          Fatal Warnings
          Reporting Warnings from a Module
      TODO
      SEE ALSO
      AUTHOR
 
      perldebug - Perl debugging
 
      DESCRIPTION
      The Perl Debugger
          Debugger Commands
              h, h [command], h h, p expr, x [maxdepth] expr, V [pkg [vars]],
              X [vars], y [level [vars]], T, s [expr], n [expr], r, <CR>, c
              [line|sub], l, l min+incr, l min-max, l line, l subname, -, v
              [line], f filename, /pattern/, ?pattern?, L [abw], S
              [[!]regex], t, t expr, b, b [line] [condition], b subname [con-
              dition], b postpone subname [condition], b load filename, b
              compile subname, B line, B *, a [line] command, A line, A *, w
              expr, W expr, W *, o, o booloption .., o anyoption? .., o
              option=value .., < ?, < [ command ], < *, << command, > ?, >
              command, > *, >> command, { ?, { [ command ], { *, {{ command,
              ! number, ! -number, ! pattern, !! cmd, source file, H -number,
              q or ^D, R, |dbcmd, ||dbcmd, command, m expr, M, man [manpage]
 
          Configurable Options
              "recallCommand", "ShellBang", "pager", "tkRunning", "signal-
              Level", "warnLevel", "dieLevel", "AutoTrace", "LineInfo",
              "inhibit_exit", "PrintRet", "ornaments", "frame", "maxTrace-
              Len", "windowSize", "arrayDepth", "hashDepth", "dumpDepth",
              "compactDump", "veryCompact", "globPrint", "DumpDBFiles",
              "DumpPackages", "DumpReused", "quote", "HighBit", "undefPrint",
              "UsageOnly", "TTY", "noTTY", "ReadLine", "NonStop"
 
          Debugger input/output
              Prompt, Multiline commands, Stack backtrace, Line Listing For-
              mat, Frame listing
 
          Debugging compile-time statements
          Debugger Customization
          Readline Support
          Editor Support for Debugging
          The Perl Profiler
      Debugging regular expressions
      Debugging memory usage
      SEE ALSO
      BUGS
 
      perlvar - Perl predefined variables
 
      DESCRIPTION
          Predefined Names
              $ARG, $_, $a, $b, $<digits>, $MATCH, $&, $PREMATCH, $`, $POST-
              MATCH, $', $LAST_PAREN_MATCH, $+, $^N, @LAST_MATCH_END, @+, $*,
              HANDLE->input_line_number(EXPR), $INPUT_LINE_NUMBER, $NR, $,
              IO::Handle->input_record_separator(EXPR), $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARA-
              TOR, $RS, $/, HANDLE->autoflush(EXPR), $OUTPUT_AUTOFLUSH, $|,
              IO::Handle->output_field_separator EXPR, $OUTPUT_FIELD_SEPARA-
              TOR, $OFS, $,, IO::Handle->output_record_separator EXPR, $OUT-
              PUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, $ORS, $\, $LIST_SEPARATOR, $", $SUB-
              SCRIPT_SEPARATOR, $SUBSEP, $;, $#, HANDLE->format_page_num-
              ber(EXPR), $FORMAT_PAGE_NUMBER, $%, HANDLE->for-
              mat_lines_per_page(EXPR), $FORMAT_LINES_PER_PAGE, $=, HAN-
              DLE->format_lines_left(EXPR), $FORMAT_LINES_LEFT, $-,
              @LAST_MATCH_START, @-, $` is the same as "substr($var, 0,
              $-[0])", $& is the same as "substr($var, $-[0], $+[0] -
              $-[0])", $' is the same as "substr($var, $+[0])", $1 is the
              same as "substr($var, $-[1], $+[1] - $-[1])", $2 is the same as
              "substr($var, $-[2], $+[2] - $-[2])", $3 is the same as "substr
              $var, $-[3], $+[3] - $-[3])", HANDLE->format_name(EXPR), $FOR-
              MAT_NAME, $~, HANDLE->format_top_name(EXPR), $FORMAT_TOP_NAME,
              $^, IO::Handle->format_line_break_characters EXPR, $FOR-
              MAT_LINE_BREAK_CHARACTERS, $:, IO::Handle->format_formfeed
              EXPR, $FORMAT_FORMFEED, $^L, $ACCUMULATOR, $^A, $CHILD_ERROR,
              $?, ${^ENCODING}, $OS_ERROR, $ERRNO, $!, %!,
              $EXTENDED_OS_ERROR, $^E, $EVAL_ERROR, $@, $PROCESS_ID, $PID,
              $$, $REAL_USER_ID, $UID, $<, $EFFECTIVE_USER_ID, $EUID, $>,
              $REAL_GROUP_ID, $GID, $(, $EFFECTIVE_GROUP_ID, $EGID, $), $PRO-
              GRAM_NAME, $0, $[, $], $COMPILING, $^C, $DEBUGGING, $^D, $SYS-
              TEM_FD_MAX, $^F, $^H, %^H, $INPLACE_EDIT, $^I, $^M, $OSNAME,
              $^O, ${^OPEN}, $PERLDB, $^P, 0x01, 0x02, 0x04, 0x08, 0x10,
              0x20, 0x40, 0x80, 0x100, 0x200, 0x400, $LAST_REG-
              EXP_CODE_RESULT, $^R, $EXCEPTIONS_BEING_CAUGHT, $^S, $BASETIME,
              $^T, ${^TAINT}, ${^UNICODE}, $PERL_VERSION, $^V, $WARNING, $^W,
              ${^WARNING_BITS}, $EXECUTABLE_NAME, $^X, ARGV, $ARGV, @ARGV,
              ARGVOUT, @F, @INC, @_, %INC, %ENV, $ENV{expr}, %SIG, $SIG{expr}
 
          Error Indicators
          Technical Note on the Syntax of Variable Names
      BUGS
 
      perlre - Perl regular expressions
 
      DESCRIPTION
          i, m, s, x
 
          Regular Expressions
              [1], [2], [3], cntrl, graph, print, punct, xdigit
 
          Extended Patterns
              "(?#text)", "(?imsx-imsx)", "(?:pattern)", "(?imsx-imsx:pat-
              tern)", "(?=pattern)", "(?!pattern)", "(?<=pattern)", "(?<!pat-
              tern)", "(?{ code })", "(??{ code })", "(?>pattern)", "(?(con-
              dition)yes-pattern|no-pattern)", "(?(condition)yes-pattern)"
 
          Backtracking
          Version 8 Regular Expressions
          Warning on \1 vs $1
          Repeated patterns matching zero-length substring
          Combining pieces together
              "ST", "S|T", "S{REPEAT_COUNT}", "S{min,max}", "S{min,max}?",
              "S?", "S*", "S+", "S??", "S*?", "S+?", "(?>S)", "(?=S)",
              "(?<=S)", "(?!S)", "(?<!S)", "(??{ EXPR })", "(?(condi-
              tion)yes-pattern|no-pattern)"
 
          Creating custom RE engines
      BUGS
      SEE ALSO
 
      perlreref - Perl Regular Expressions Reference
 
      DESCRIPTION
          OPERATORS
          SYNTAX
          ESCAPE SEQUENCES
          CHARACTER CLASSES
          ANCHORS
          QUANTIFIERS
          EXTENDED CONSTRUCTS
          VARIABLES
          FUNCTIONS
          TERMINOLOGY
      AUTHOR
      SEE ALSO
      THANKS
 
      perlref - Perl references and nested data structures
 
      NOTE
      DESCRIPTION
          Making References
          Using References
          Symbolic references
          Not-so-symbolic references
          Pseudo-hashes: Using an array as a hash
          Function Templates
      WARNING
      SEE ALSO
 
      perlform - Perl formats
 
      DESCRIPTION
          Text Fields
          Numeric Fields
          The Field @* for Variable Width Multi-Line Text
          The Field ^* for Variable Width One-line-at-a-time Text
          Specifying Values
          Using Fill Mode
          Suppressing Lines Where All Fields Are Void
          Repeating Format Lines
          Top of Form Processing
          Format Variables
      NOTES
          Footers
          Accessing Formatting Internals
      WARNINGS
 
      perlobj - Perl objects
 
      DESCRIPTION
          An Object is Simply a Reference
          A Class is Simply a Package
          A Method is Simply a Subroutine
          Method Invocation
          Indirect Object Syntax
          Default UNIVERSAL methods
              isa(CLASS), can(METHOD), VERSION( [NEED] )
 
          Destructors
          Summary
          Two-Phased Garbage Collection
      SEE ALSO
 
      perltie - how to hide an object class in a simple variable
 
      SYNOPSIS
      DESCRIPTION
          Tying Scalars
              TIESCALAR classname, LIST, FETCH this, STORE this, value, UNTIE
              this, DESTROY this
 
          Tying Arrays
              TIEARRAY classname, LIST, FETCH this, index, STORE this, index,
              value, FETCHSIZE this, STORESIZE this, count, EXTEND this,
              count, EXISTS this, key, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this, PUSH
              this, LIST, POP this, SHIFT this, UNSHIFT this, LIST, SPLICE
              this, offset, length, LIST, UNTIE this, DESTROY this
 
          Tying Hashes
              USER, HOME, CLOBBER, LIST, TIEHASH classname, LIST, FETCH this,
              key, STORE this, key, value, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this,
              EXISTS this, key, FIRSTKEY this, NEXTKEY this, lastkey, SCALAR
              this, UNTIE this, DESTROY this
 
          Tying FileHandles
              TIEHANDLE classname, LIST, WRITE this, LIST, PRINT this, LIST,
              PRINTF this, LIST, READ this, LIST, READLINE this, GETC this,
              CLOSE this, UNTIE this, DESTROY this
 
          UNTIE this
          The "untie" Gotcha
      SEE ALSO
      BUGS
      AUTHOR
 
      perldbmfilter - Perl DBM Filters
 
      SYNOPSIS
      DESCRIPTION
          filter_store_key, filter_store_value, filter_fetch_key, fil-
          ter_fetch_value
 
          The Filter
          An Example -- the NULL termination problem.
          Another Example -- Key is a C int.
      SEE ALSO
      AUTHOR
 
      perlipc - Perl interprocess communication (signals, fifos, pipes, safe
      subprocesses, sockets, and semaphores)
 
      DESCRIPTION
      Signals
          Handling the SIGHUP Signal in Daemons
      Named Pipes
          Deferred Signals (Safe Signals)
              Long running opcodes, Interrupting IO, Restartable system
              calls, Signals as "faults", Signals triggered by operating sys-
              tem state
 
      Using open() for IPC
          Filehandles
          Background Processes
          Complete Dissociation of Child from Parent
          Safe Pipe Opens
          Bidirectional Communication with Another Process
          Bidirectional Communication with Yourself
      Sockets: Client/Server Communication
          Internet Line Terminators
          Internet TCP Clients and Servers
          Unix-Domain TCP Clients and Servers
      TCP Clients with IO::Socket
          A Simple Client
              "Proto", "PeerAddr", "PeerPort"
 
          A Webget Client
          Interactive Client with IO::Socket
      TCP Servers with IO::Socket
          Proto, LocalPort, Listen, Reuse
 
      UDP: Message Passing
      SysV IPC
      NOTES
      BUGS
      AUTHOR
      SEE ALSO
 
      perlfork - Perl's fork() emulation
 
      SYNOPSIS
      DESCRIPTION
          Behavior of other Perl features in forked pseudo-processes
              $$ or $PROCESS_ID, %ENV, chdir() and all other builtins that
              accept filenames, wait() and waitpid(), kill(), exec(), exit(),
              Open handles to files, directories and network sockets
 
          Resource limits
          Killing the parent process
          Lifetime of the parent process and pseudo-processes
          CAVEATS AND LIMITATIONS
              BEGIN blocks, Open filehandles, Forking pipe open() not yet
              implemented, Global state maintained by XSUBs, Interpreter
              embedded in larger application, Thread-safety of extensions
 
      BUGS
      AUTHOR
      SEE ALSO
 
      perlnumber - semantics of numbers and numeric operations in Perl
 
      SYNOPSIS
      DESCRIPTION
      Storing numbers
      Numeric operators and numeric conversions
      Flavors of Perl numeric operations
          Arithmetic operators, ++, Arithmetic operators during "use inte-
          ger", Other mathematical operators, Bitwise operators, Bitwise
          operators during "use integer", Operators which expect an integer,
          Operators which expect a string
 
      AUTHOR
      SEE ALSO
 
      perlthrtut - tutorial on threads in Perl
 
      DESCRIPTION
      Status
      What Is A Thread Anyway?
      Threaded Program Models
          Boss/Worker
          Work Crew
          Pipeline
      What kind of threads are Perl threads?
      Thread-Safe Modules
      Thread Basics
          Basic Thread Support
          A Note about the Examples
          Creating Threads
          Waiting For A Thread To Exit
          Ignoring A Thread
      Threads And Data
          Shared And Unshared Data
          Thread Pitfalls: Races
      Synchronization and control
          Controlling access: lock()
          A Thread Pitfall: Deadlocks
          Queues: Passing Data Around
          Semaphores: Synchronizing Data Access
          Basic semaphores
          Advanced Semaphores
          cond_wait() and cond_signal()
          Giving up control
      General Thread Utility Routines
          What Thread Am I In?
          Thread IDs
          Are These Threads The Same?
          What Threads Are Running?
      A Complete Example
      Different implementations of threads
      Performance considerations
      Process-scope Changes
      Thread-Safety of System Libraries
      Conclusion
      Bibliography
          Introductory Texts
          OS-Related References
          Other References
      Acknowledgements
      AUTHOR
      Copyrights
 
      perlothrtut - old tutorial on threads in Perl
 
      DESCRIPTION
      What Is A Thread Anyway?
      Threaded Program Models
          Boss/Worker
          Work Crew
          Pipeline
      Native threads
      What kind of threads are perl threads?
      Threadsafe Modules
      Thread Basics
          Basic Thread Support
          Creating Threads
          Giving up control
          Waiting For A Thread To Exit
          Errors In Threads
          Ignoring A Thread
      Threads And Data
          Shared And Unshared Data
          Thread Pitfall: Races
          Controlling access: lock()
          Thread Pitfall: Deadlocks
          Queues: Passing Data Around
      Threads And Code
          Semaphores: Synchronizing Data Access
              Basic semaphores, Advanced Semaphores
 
          Attributes: Restricting Access To Subroutines
          Subroutine Locks
          Methods
          Locking A Subroutine
      General Thread Utility Routines
          What Thread Am I In?
          Thread IDs
          Are These Threads The Same?
          What Threads Are Running?
      A Complete Example
      Conclusion
      Bibliography
          Introductory Texts
          OS-Related References
          Other References
      Acknowledgements
      AUTHOR
      Copyrights
 
      perlport - Writing portable Perl
 
      DESCRIPTION
          Not all Perl programs have to be portable, Nearly all of Perl
          already is portable
 
      ISSUES
          Newlines
          Numbers endianness and Width
          Files and Filesystems
          System Interaction
          Command names versus file pathnames
          Networking
          Interprocess Communication (IPC)
          External Subroutines (XS)
          Standard Modules
          Time and Date
          Character sets and character encoding
          Internationalisation
          System Resources
          Security
          Style
      CPAN Testers
      PLATFORMS
          Unix
          DOS and Derivatives
          Mac OS
          VMS
          VOS
          EBCDIC Platforms
          Acorn RISC OS
          Other perls
      FUNCTION IMPLEMENTATIONS
          Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions
              -X, atan2, binmode, chmod, chown, chroot, crypt, dbmclose,
              dbmopen, dump, exec, exit, fcntl, flock, fork, getlogin,
              getpgrp, getppid, getpriority, getpwnam, getgrnam, getnetby-
              name, getpwuid, getgrgid, getnetbyaddr, getprotobynumber, get-
              servbyport, getpwent, getgrent, gethostbyname, gethostent, get-
              netent, getprotoent, getservent, sethostent, setnetent, setpro-
              toent, setservent, endpwent, endgrent, endhostent, endnetent,
              endprotoent, endservent, getsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME, glob,
              gmtime, ioctl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, kill, link, local-
              time, lstat, msgctl, msgget, msgsnd, msgrcv, open, pipe, read-
              link, rename, select, semctl, semget, semop, setgrent, setpgrp,
              setpriority, setpwent, setsockopt, shmctl, shmget, shmread,
              shmwrite, sockatmark, socketpair, stat, symlink, syscall,
              sysopen, system, times, truncate, umask, utime, wait, waitpid
 
      Supported Platforms
      SEE ALSO
      AUTHORS / CONTRIBUTORS
 
      perllocale - Perl locale handling (internationalization and localiza-
      tion)
 
      DESCRIPTION
      PREPARING TO USE LOCALES
      USING LOCALES
          The use locale pragma
          The setlocale function
          Finding locales
          LOCALE PROBLEMS
          Temporarily fixing locale problems
          Permanently fixing locale problems
          Permanently fixing your system's locale configuration
          Fixing system locale configuration
          The localeconv function
          I18N::Langinfo
      LOCALE CATEGORIES
          Category LC_COLLATE: Collation
          Category LC_CTYPE: Character Types
          Category LC_NUMERIC: Numeric Formatting
          Category LC_MONETARY: Formatting of monetary amounts
          LC_TIME
          Other categories
      SECURITY
      ENVIRONMENT
          PERL_BADLANG, LC_ALL, LANGUAGE, LC_CTYPE, LC_COLLATE, LC_MONETARY,
          LC_NUMERIC, LC_TIME, LANG
 
      NOTES
          Backward compatibility
          I18N:Collate obsolete
          Sort speed and memory use impacts
          write() and LC_NUMERIC
          Freely available locale definitions
          I18n and l10n
          An imperfect standard
      Unicode and UTF-8
      BUGS
          Broken systems
      SEE ALSO
      HISTORY
 
      perluniintro - Perl Unicode introduction
 
      DESCRIPTION
          Unicode
          Perl's Unicode Support
          Perl's Unicode Model
          Unicode and EBCDIC
          Creating Unicode
          Handling Unicode
          Legacy Encodings
          Unicode I/O
          Displaying Unicode As Text
          Special Cases
          Advanced Topics
          Miscellaneous
          Questions With Answers
          Hexadecimal Notation
          Further Resources
      UNICODE IN OLDER PERLS
      SEE ALSO
      ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
      AUTHOR, COPYRIGHT, AND LICENSE
 
      perlunicode - Unicode support in Perl
 
      DESCRIPTION
          Important Caveats
              Input and Output Layers, Regular Expressions, "use utf8" still
              needed to enable UTF-8/UTF-EBCDIC in scripts, BOM-marked
              scripts and UTF-16 scripts autodetected, "use encoding" needed
              to upgrade non-Latin-1 byte strings
 
          Byte and Character Semantics
          Effects of Character Semantics
          Scripts
          Blocks
          User-Defined Character Properties
          Character Encodings for Input and Output
          Unicode Regular Expression Support Level
          Unicode Encodings
          Security Implications of Unicode
          Unicode in Perl on EBCDIC
          Locales
          When Unicode Does Not Happen
          Forcing Unicode in Perl (Or Unforcing Unicode in Perl)
          Using Unicode in XS
      BUGS
          Interaction with Locales
          Interaction with Extensions
          Speed
          Porting code from perl-5.6.X
      SEE ALSO
 
      perlebcdic - Considerations for running Perl on EBCDIC platforms
 
      DESCRIPTION
      COMMON CHARACTER CODE SETS
          ASCII
          ISO 8859
          Latin 1 (ISO 8859-1)
          EBCDIC
          13 variant characters
          0037
          1047
          POSIX-BC
          Unicode code points versus EBCDIC code points
          Remaining Perl Unicode problems in EBCDIC
          Unicode and UTF
          Using Encode
      SINGLE OCTET TABLES
          recipe 0, recipe 1, recipe 2, recipe 3, recipe 4, recipe 5, recipe
          6
 
      IDENTIFYING CHARACTER CODE SETS
      CONVERSIONS
          tr///
          iconv
          C RTL
      OPERATOR DIFFERENCES
      FUNCTION DIFFERENCES
          chr(), ord(), pack(), print(), printf(), sort(), sprintf(),
          unpack()
 
      REGULAR EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES
      SOCKETS
      SORTING
          Ignore ASCII vs. EBCDIC sort differences.
          MONO CASE then sort data.
          Convert, sort data, then re convert.
          Perform sorting on one type of machine only.
      TRANSFORMATION FORMATS
          URL decoding and encoding
          uu encoding and decoding
          Quoted-Printable encoding and decoding
          Caesarian ciphers
      Hashing order and checksums
      I18N AND L10N
      MULTI OCTET CHARACTER SETS
      OS ISSUES
          OS/400
              PASE, IFS access
 
          OS/390, z/OS
              chcp, dataset access, OS/390, z/OS iconv, locales
 
          VM/ESA?
          POSIX-BC?
      BUGS
      SEE ALSO
      REFERENCES
      HISTORY
      AUTHOR
 
      perlsec - Perl security
 
      DESCRIPTION
          Laundering and Detecting Tainted Data
          Switches On the "#!" Line
          Taint mode and @INC
          Cleaning Up Your Path
          Security Bugs
          Protecting Your Programs
          Unicode
          Algorithmic Complexity Attacks
      SEE ALSO
 
      perlmod - Perl modules (packages and symbol tables)
 
      DESCRIPTION
          Packages
          Symbol Tables
          BEGIN, CHECK, INIT and END
          Perl Classes
          Perl Modules
          Making your module threadsafe
      SEE ALSO
 
      perlmodlib - constructing new Perl modules and finding existing ones
 
      THE PERL MODULE LIBRARY
          Pragmatic Modules
              attributes, attrs, autouse, base, bigint, bignum, bigrat, blib,
              bytes, charnames, constant, diagnostics, encoding, fields,
              filetest, if, integer, less, lib, locale, open, ops, overload,
              re, sigtrap, sort, strict, subs, threads, threads::shared,
              utf8, vars, vmsish, warnings, warnings::register
 
          Standard Modules
              AnyDBM_File, Attribute::Handlers, AutoLoader, AutoSplit, B,
              B::Asmdata, B::Assembler, B::Bblock, B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC,
              B::Concise, B::Debug, B::Deparse, B::Disassembler, B::Lint,
              B::Showlex, B::Stackobj, B::Stash, B::Terse, B::Xref, Bench-
              mark, ByteLoader, CGI, CGI::Apache, CGI::Carp, CGI::Cookie,
              CGI::Fast, CGI::Pretty, CGI::Push, CGI::Switch, CGI::Util,
              CPAN, CPAN::FirstTime, CPAN::Nox, Carp, Carp::Heavy,
              Class::ISA, Class::Struct, Config, Cwd, DB, DB_File,
              Data::Dumper, Devel::DProf, Devel::PPPort, Devel::Peek,
              Devel::SelfStubber, Digest, Digest::MD5, Digest::base, DirHan-
              dle, Dumpvalue, DynaLoader, Encode, Encode::Alias,
              Encode::Byte, Encode::CJKConstants, Encode::CN, Encode::CN::HZ,
              Encode::Config, Encode::EBCDIC, Encode::Encoder, Encode::Encod-
              ing, Encode::Guess, Encode::JP, Encode::JP::H2Z,
              Encode::JP::JIS7, Encode::KR, Encode::KR::2022_KR,
              Encode::MIME::Header, Encode::PerlIO, Encode::Supported,
              Encode::Symbol, Encode::TW, Encode::Unicode, Encode::Uni-
              code::UTF7, English, Env, Errno, Exporter, Exporter::Heavy,
              ExtUtils::Command, ExtUtils::Command::MM, ExtUtils::Constant,
              ExtUtils::Embed, ExtUtils::Install, ExtUtils::Installed, ExtU-
              tils::Liblist, ExtUtils::MM, ExtUtils::MM_Any, ExtU-
              tils::MM_BeOS, ExtUtils::MM_Cygwin, ExtUtils::MM_DOS, ExtU-
              tils::MM_MacOS, ExtUtils::MM_NW5, ExtUtils::MM_OS2, ExtU-
              tils::MM_UWIN, ExtUtils::MM_Unix, ExtUtils::MM_VMS, ExtU-
              tils::MM_Win32, ExtUtils::MM_Win95, ExtUtils::MY, ExtU-
              tils::MakeMaker, ExtUtils::MakeMaker::FAQ, ExtUtils::Make-
              Maker::Tutorial, ExtUtils::MakeMaker::bytes, ExtUtils::Make-
              Maker::vmsish, ExtUtils::Manifest, ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap, ExtU-
              tils::Mksymlists, ExtUtils::Packlist, ExtUtils::testlib, Fatal,
              Fcntl, File::Basename, File::CheckTree, File::Compare,
              File::Copy, File::DosGlob, File::Find, File::Glob, File::Path,
              File::Spec, File::Spec::Cygwin, File::Spec::Epoc,
              File::Spec::Functions, File::Spec::Mac, File::Spec::OS2,
              File::Spec::Unix, File::Spec::VMS, File::Spec::Win32,
              File::Temp, File::stat, FileCache, FileHandle, Filter::Simple,
              Filter::Util::Call, FindBin, GDBM_File, Getopt::Long,
              Getopt::Std, Hash::Util, I18N::Collate, I18N::LangTags,
              I18N::LangTags::List, I18N::Langinfo, IO, IO::Dir, IO::File,
              IO::Handle, IO::Pipe, IO::Poll, IO::Seekable, IO::Select,
              IO::Socket, IO::Socket::INET, IO::Socket::UNIX, IPC::Open2,
              IPC::Open3, IPC::SysV, IPC::SysV::Msg, IPC::SysV::Semaphore,
              List::Util, Locale::Constants, Locale::Country, Locale::Cur-
              rency, Locale::Language, Locale::Maketext, Locale::Make-
              text::TPJ13, Locale::Script, MIME::Base64, MIME::Base64::Quot-
              edPrint, Math::BigFloat, Math::BigInt, Math::BigInt::Calc,
              Math::BigRat, Math::Complex, Math::Trig, Memoize, Memoize::Any-
              DBM_File, Memoize::Expire, Memoize::ExpireFile, Memo-
              ize::ExpireTest, Memoize::NDBM_File, Memoize::SDBM_File, Memo-
              ize::Storable, NDBM_File, NEXT, Net::Cmd, Net::Config,
              Net::Domain, Net::FTP, Net::NNTP, Net::Netrc, Net::POP3,
              Net::Ping, Net::SMTP, Net::Time, Net::hostent, Net::libnetFAQ,
              Net::netent, Net::protoent, Net::servent, O, ODBM_File, Opcode,
              POSIX, PerlIO, PerlIO::encoding, PerlIO::scalar, PerlIO::via,
              PerlIO::via::QuotedPrint, Pod::Checker, Pod::Find, Pod::Func-
              tions, Pod::Html, Pod::InputObjects, Pod::LaTeX, Pod::Man,
              Pod::ParseLink, Pod::ParseUtils, Pod::Parser, Pod::Perl-
              doc::ToChecker, Pod::Perldoc::ToMan, Pod::Perldoc::ToNroff,
              Pod::Perldoc::ToPod, Pod::Perldoc::ToRtf, Pod::Perldoc::ToText,
              Pod::Perldoc::ToTk, Pod::Perldoc::ToXml, Pod::PlainText,
              Pod::Plainer, Pod::Select, Pod::Text, Pod::Text::Color,
              Pod::Text::Overstrike, Pod::Text::Termcap, Pod::Usage,
              SDBM_File, Safe, Scalar::Util, Search::Dict, SelectSaver, Self-
              Loader, Shell, Socket, Storable, Switch, Symbol, Sys::Hostname,
              Sys::Syslog, Term::ANSIColor, Term::Cap, Term::Complete,
              Term::ReadLine, Test, Test::Builder, Test::Harness, Test::Har-
              ness::Assert, Test::Harness::Iterator, Test::Harness::Straps,
              Test::More, Test::Simple, Test::Tutorial, Text::Abbrev,
              Text::Balanced, Text::ParseWords, Text::Soundex, Text::Tabs,
              Text::Wrap, Thread, Thread::Queue, Thread::Semaphore,
              Thread::Signal, Thread::Specific, Tie::Array, Tie::File,
              Tie::Handle, Tie::Hash, Tie::Memoize, Tie::RefHash,
              Tie::Scalar, Tie::SubstrHash, Time::HiRes, Time::Local,
              Time::gmtime, Time::localtime, Time::tm, UNIVERSAL, Uni-
              code::Collate, Unicode::Normalize, Unicode::UCD, User::grent,
              User::pwent, Win32, XS::APItest, XS::Typemap, XSLoader
 
          Extension Modules
      CPAN
          Africa
              South Africa
 
          Asia
              China, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Malaysia, Russian Federation,
              Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand
 
          Central America
              Costa Rica
 
          Europe
              Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia,
              Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany,
              Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
              Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slo-
              vakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine,
              United Kingdom
 
          North America
              Canada, Alberta, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Mexico, United
              States, Alabama, California, Colorado, Delaware, District of
              Columbia, Florida, Indiana, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan,
              Nevada, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon,
              Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington,
              Wisconsin
 
          Oceania
              Australia, New Zealand, United States
 
          South America
              Argentina, Brazil, Chile
 
          RSYNC Mirrors
      Modules: Creation, Use, and Abuse
          Guidelines for Module Creation
          Guidelines for Converting Perl 4 Library Scripts into Modules
          Guidelines for Reusing Application Code
      NOTE
 
      perlmodstyle - Perl module style guide
 
      INTRODUCTION
      QUICK CHECKLIST
          Before you start
          The API
          Stability
          Documentation
          Release considerations
      BEFORE YOU START WRITING A MODULE
          Has it been done before?
          Do one thing and do it well
          What's in a name?
      DESIGNING AND WRITING YOUR MODULE
          To OO or not to OO?
          Designing your API
              Write simple routines to do simple things, Separate functional-
              ity from output, Provide sensible shortcuts and defaults, Nam-
              ing conventions, Parameter passing
 
          Strictness and warnings
          Backwards compatibility
          Error handling and messages
      DOCUMENTING YOUR MODULE
          POD
          README, INSTALL, release notes, changelogs
              perl Makefile.PL, make, make test, make install, perl Build.PL,
              perl Build, perl Build test, perl Build install
 
      RELEASE CONSIDERATIONS
          Version numbering
          Pre-requisites
          Testing
          Packaging
          Licensing
      COMMON PITFALLS
          Reinventing the wheel
          Trying to do too much
          Inappropriate documentation
      SEE ALSO
          perlstyle, perlnewmod, perlpod, podchecker, Packaging Tools, Test-
          ing tools, http://pause.perl.org/, Any good book on software engi-
          neering
 
      AUTHOR
 
      perlmodinstall - Installing CPAN Modules
 
      DESCRIPTION
          PREAMBLE
              DECOMPRESS the file, UNPACK the file into a directory, BUILD
              the module (sometimes unnecessary), INSTALL the module
 
      PORTABILITY
      HEY
      AUTHOR
      COPYRIGHT
 
      perlnewmod - preparing a new module for distribution
 
      DESCRIPTION
          Warning
          What should I make into a module?
          Step-by-step: Preparing the ground
              Look around, Check it's new, Discuss the need, Choose a name,
              Check again
 
          Step-by-step: Making the module
              Start with module-starter or h2xs, Use strict and warnings, Use
              Carp, Use Exporter - wisely!, Use plain old documentation,
              Write tests, Write the README
 
          Step-by-step: Distributing your module
              Get a CPAN user ID, "perl Makefile.PL; make test; make dist",
              Upload the tarball, Announce to the modules list, Announce to
              clpa, Fix bugs!
 
      AUTHOR
      SEE ALSO
 
      perlutil - utilities packaged with the Perl distribution
 
      DESCRIPTION
          DOCUMENTATION
              perldoc, pod2man and pod2text, pod2html and pod2latex,
              pod2usage, podselect, podchecker, splain, roffitall
 
          CONVERTORS
              a2p, s2p, find2perl
 
          Administration
              libnetcfg
 
          Development
              perlbug, h2ph, c2ph and pstruct, h2xs, dprofpp, perlcc
 
          SEE ALSO
 
      perlcompile - Introduction to the Perl Compiler-Translator
 
      DESCRIPTION
          Layout
              B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC, B::Lint, B::Deparse, B::Xref
 
      Using The Back Ends
          The Cross Referencing Back End
              i, &, s, r
 
          The Decompiling Back End
          The Lint Back End
          The Simple C Back End
          The Bytecode Back End
          The Optimized C Back End
      Module List for the Compiler Suite
          B, O, B::Asmdata, B::Assembler, B::Bblock, B::Bytecode, B::C,
          B::CC, B::Concise, B::Debug, B::Deparse, B::Disassembler, B::Lint,
          B::Showlex, B::Stackobj, B::Stash, B::Terse, B::Xref
 
      KNOWN PROBLEMS
      AUTHOR
 
      perlfilter - Source Filters
 
      DESCRIPTION
      CONCEPTS
      USING FILTERS
      WRITING A SOURCE FILTER
      WRITING A SOURCE FILTER IN C
          Decryption Filters
 
      CREATING A SOURCE FILTER AS A SEPARATE EXECUTABLE
      WRITING A SOURCE FILTER IN PERL
      USING CONTEXT: THE DEBUG FILTER
      CONCLUSION
      THINGS TO LOOK OUT FOR
          Some Filters Clobber the "DATA" Handle
 
      REQUIREMENTS
      AUTHOR
      Copyrights
 
      perlembed - how to embed perl in your C program
 
      DESCRIPTION
          PREAMBLE
              Use C from Perl?, Use a Unix program from Perl?, Use Perl from
              Perl?, Use C from C?, Use Perl from C?
 
          ROADMAP
          Compiling your C program
          Adding a Perl interpreter to your C program
          Calling a Perl subroutine from your C program
          Evaluating a Perl statement from your C program
          Performing Perl pattern matches and substitutions from your C pro-
          gram
          Fiddling with the Perl stack from your C program
          Maintaining a persistent interpreter
          Execution of END blocks
          Maintaining multiple interpreter instances
          Using Perl modules, which themselves use C libraries, from your C
          program
      Embedding Perl under Win32
      Hiding Perl_
      MORAL
      AUTHOR
      COPYRIGHT
 
      perldebguts - Guts of Perl debugging
 
      DESCRIPTION
      Debugger Internals
          Writing Your Own Debugger
      Frame Listing Output Examples
      Debugging regular expressions
          Compile-time output
              "anchored" STRING "at" POS, "floating" STRING "at" POS1..POS2,
              "matching floating/anchored", "minlen", "stclass" TYPE,
              "noscan", "isall", "GPOS", "plus", "implicit", "with eval",
              "anchored(TYPE)"
 
          Types of nodes
          Run-time output
      Debugging Perl memory usage
          Using $ENV{PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS}
              "buckets SMALLEST(APPROX)..GREATEST(APPROX)", Free/Used, "Total
              sbrk(): SBRKed/SBRKs:CONTINUOUS", "pad: 0", "heads: 2192",
              "chain: 0", "tail: 6144"
 
          Example of using -DL switch
              717, 002, 054, 602, 702, 704
 
          -DL details
              "!!!", "!!", "!"
 
          Limitations of -DL statistics
      SEE ALSO
 
      perlxstut, perlXStut - Tutorial for writing XSUBs
 
      DESCRIPTION
      SPECIAL NOTES
          make
          Version caveat
          Dynamic Loading versus Static Loading
      TUTORIAL
          EXAMPLE 1
          EXAMPLE 2
          What has gone on?
          Writing good test scripts
          EXAMPLE 3
          What's new here?
          Input and Output Parameters
          The XSUBPP Program
          The TYPEMAP file
          Warning about Output Arguments
          EXAMPLE 4
          What has happened here?
          Anatomy of .xs file
          Getting the fat out of XSUBs
          More about XSUB arguments
          The Argument Stack
          Extending your Extension
          Documenting your Extension
          Installing your Extension
          EXAMPLE 5
          New Things in this Example
          EXAMPLE 6
          New Things in this Example
          EXAMPLE 7 (Coming Soon)
          EXAMPLE 8 (Coming Soon)
          EXAMPLE 9 Passing open files to XSes
          Troubleshooting these Examples
      See also
      Author
          Last Changed
 
      perlxs - XS language reference manual
 
      DESCRIPTION
          Introduction
          On The Road
          The Anatomy of an XSUB
          The Argument Stack
          The RETVAL Variable
          Returning SVs, AVs and HVs through RETVAL
          The MODULE Keyword
          The PACKAGE Keyword
          The PREFIX Keyword
          The OUTPUT: Keyword
          The NO_OUTPUT Keyword
          The CODE: Keyword
          The INIT: Keyword
          The NO_INIT Keyword
          Initializing Function Parameters
          Default Parameter Values
          The PREINIT: Keyword
          The SCOPE: Keyword
          The INPUT: Keyword
          The IN/OUTLIST/IN_OUTLIST/OUT/IN_OUT Keywords
          The "length(NAME)" Keyword
          Variable-length Parameter Lists
          The C_ARGS: Keyword
          The PPCODE: Keyword
          Returning Undef And Empty Lists
          The REQUIRE: Keyword
          The CLEANUP: Keyword
          The POSTCALL: Keyword
          The BOOT: Keyword
          The VERSIONCHECK: Keyword
          The PROTOTYPES: Keyword
          The PROTOTYPE: Keyword
          The ALIAS: Keyword
          The OVERLOAD: Keyword
          The FALLBACK: Keyword
          The INTERFACE: Keyword
          The INTERFACE_MACRO: Keyword
          The INCLUDE: Keyword
          The CASE: Keyword
          The & Unary Operator
          Inserting POD, Comments and C Preprocessor Directives
          Using XS With C++
          Interface Strategy
          Perl Objects And C Structures
          The Typemap
          Safely Storing Static Data in XS
              MY_CXT_KEY, typedef my_cxt_t, START_MY_CXT, MY_CXT_INIT,
              dMY_CXT, MY_CXT
 
      EXAMPLES
      XS VERSION
      AUTHOR
 
      perlclib - Internal replacements for standard C library functions
 
      DESCRIPTION
          Conventions
              "t", "p", "n", "s"
 
          File Operations
          File Input and Output
          File Positioning
          Memory Management and String Handling
          Character Class Tests
          stdlib.h functions
          Miscellaneous functions
      SEE ALSO
 
      perlguts - Introduction to the Perl API
 
      DESCRIPTION
      Variables
          Datatypes
          What is an "IV"?
          Working with SVs
          Offsets
          What's Really Stored in an SV?
          Working with AVs
          Working with HVs
          Hash API Extensions
          AVs, HVs and undefined values
          References
          Blessed References and Class Objects
          Creating New Variables
              GV_ADDMULTI, GV_ADDWARN
 
          Reference Counts and Mortality
          Stashes and Globs
          Double-Typed SVs
          Magic Variables
          Assigning Magic
          Magic Virtual Tables
          Finding Magic
          Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays
          Localizing changes
              "SAVEINT(int i)", "SAVEIV(IV i)", "SAVEI32(I32 i)", "SAVE-
              LONG(long i)", SAVESPTR(s), SAVEPPTR(p), "SAVEFREESV(SV *sv)",
              "SAVEMORTALIZESV(SV *sv)", "SAVEFREEOP(OP *op)", SAVEFREEPV(p),
              "SAVECLEARSV(SV *sv)", "SAVEDELETE(HV *hv, char *key, I32
              length)", "SAVEDESTRUCTOR(DESTRUCTORFUNC_NOCONTEXT_t f, void
              *p)", "SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X(DESTRUCTORFUNC_t f, void *p)", "SAVES-
              TACK_POS()", "SV* save_scalar(GV *gv)", "AV* save_ary(GV *gv)",
              "HV* save_hash(GV *gv)", "void save_item(SV *item)", "void
              save_list(SV **sarg, I32 maxsarg)", "SV* save_svref(SV
              **sptr)", "void save_aptr(AV **aptr)", "void save_hptr(HV
              **hptr)"
 
      Subroutines
          XSUBs and the Argument Stack
          Calling Perl Routines from within C Programs
          Memory Allocation
          PerlIO
          Putting a C value on Perl stack
          Scratchpads
          Scratchpads and recursion
      Compiled code
          Code tree
          Examining the tree
          Compile pass 1: check routines
          Compile pass 1a: constant folding
          Compile pass 2: context propagation
          Compile pass 3: peephole optimization
          Pluggable runops
      Examining internal data structures with the "dump" functions
      How multiple interpreters and concurrency are supported
          Background and PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT
          So what happened to dTHR?
          How do I use all this in extensions?
          Should I do anything special if I call perl from multiple threads?
          Future Plans and PERL_IMPLICIT_SYS
      Internal Functions
          A, p, d, s, n, r, f, M, o, x, m, X, E, b
 
          Formatted Printing of IVs, UVs, and NVs
          Pointer-To-Integer and Integer-To-Pointer
          Source Documentation
          Backwards compatibility
      Unicode Support
          What is Unicode, anyway?
          How can I recognise a UTF-8 string?
          How does UTF-8 represent Unicode characters?
          How does Perl store UTF-8 strings?
          How do I convert a string to UTF-8?
          Is there anything else I need to know?
      Custom Operators
      AUTHORS
      SEE ALSO
 
      perlcall - Perl calling conventions from C
 
      DESCRIPTION
          An Error Handler, An Event Driven Program
 
      THE CALL_ FUNCTIONS
          call_sv, call_pv, call_method, call_argv
 
      FLAG VALUES
          G_VOID
          G_SCALAR
          G_ARRAY
          G_DISCARD
          G_NOARGS
          G_EVAL
          G_KEEPERR
          Determining the Context
      KNOWN PROBLEMS
      EXAMPLES
          No Parameters, Nothing returned
          Passing Parameters
          Returning a Scalar
          Returning a list of values
          Returning a list in a scalar context
          Returning Data from Perl via the parameter list
          Using G_EVAL
          Using G_KEEPERR
          Using call_sv
          Using call_argv
          Using call_method
          Using GIMME_V
          Using Perl to dispose of temporaries
          Strategies for storing Callback Context Information
              1. Ignore the problem - Allow only 1 callback, 2. Create a
              sequence of callbacks - hard wired limit, 3. Use a parameter to
              map to the Perl callback
 
          Alternate Stack Manipulation
          Creating and calling an anonymous subroutine in C
      SEE ALSO
      AUTHOR
      DATE
 
      perlapi - autogenerated documentation for the perl public API
 
      DESCRIPTION
      "Gimme" Values
          GIMME, GIMME_V, G_ARRAY, G_DISCARD, G_EVAL, G_NOARGS, G_SCALAR,
          G_VOID
 
      Array Manipulation Functions
          AvFILL, av_clear, av_delete, av_exists, av_extend, av_fetch,
          av_fill, av_len, av_make, av_pop, av_push, av_shift, av_store,
          av_undef, av_unshift, get_av, newAV, sortsv
 
      Callback Functions
          call_argv, call_method, call_pv, call_sv, ENTER, eval_pv, eval_sv,
          FREETMPS, LEAVE, SAVETMPS
 
      Character classes
          isALNUM, isALPHA, isDIGIT, isLOWER, isSPACE, isUPPER, toLOWER,
          toUPPER
 
      Cloning an interpreter
          perl_clone
 
      CV Manipulation Functions
          CvSTASH, get_cv
 
      Embedding Functions
          cv_undef, load_module, nothreadhook, perl_alloc, perl_construct,
          perl_destruct, perl_free, perl_parse, perl_run, require_pv
 
      Functions in file pp_pack.c
          packlist, pack_cat, unpackstring, unpack_str
 
      Global Variables
          PL_modglobal, PL_na, PL_sv_no, PL_sv_undef, PL_sv_yes
 
      GV Functions
          GvSV, gv_fetchmeth, gv_fetchmethod, gv_fetchmethod_autoload,
          gv_fetchmeth_autoload, gv_stashpv, gv_stashpvn, gv_stashsv
 
      Handy Values
          Nullav, Nullch, Nullcv, Nullhv, Nullsv
 
      Hash Manipulation Functions
          get_hv, HEf_SVKEY, HeHASH, HeKEY, HeKLEN, HePV, HeSVKEY, HeS-
          VKEY_force, HeSVKEY_set, HeVAL, HvNAME, hv_clear, hv_clear_place-
          holders, hv_delete, hv_delete_ent, hv_exists, hv_exists_ent,
          hv_fetch, hv_fetch_ent, hv_iterinit, hv_iterkey, hv_iterkeysv,
          hv_iternext, hv_iternextsv, hv_iternext_flags, hv_iterval,
          hv_magic, hv_scalar, hv_store, hv_store_ent, hv_undef, newHV
 
      Magical Functions
          mg_clear, mg_copy, mg_find, mg_free, mg_get, mg_length, mg_magical,
          mg_set, SvGETMAGIC, SvLOCK, SvSETMAGIC, SvSetMagicSV, SvSetMag-
          icSV_nosteal, SvSetSV, SvSetSV_nosteal, SvSHARE, SvUNLOCK
 
      Memory Management
          Copy, CopyD, Move, MoveD, New, Newc, Newz, Poison, Renew, Renewc,
          Safefree, savepv, savepvn, savesharedpv, savesvpv, StructCopy,
          Zero, ZeroD
 
      Miscellaneous Functions
          fbm_compile, fbm_instr, form, getcwd_sv, strEQ, strGE, strGT,
          strLE, strLT, strNE, strnEQ, strnNE, sv_nolocking, sv_nosharing,
          sv_nounlocking
 
      Numeric functions
          grok_bin, grok_hex, grok_number, grok_numeric_radix, grok_oct,
          scan_bin, scan_hex, scan_oct
 
      Optree Manipulation Functions
          cv_const_sv, newCONSTSUB, newXS
 
      Pad Data Structures
          pad_sv
 
      Stack Manipulation Macros
          dMARK, dORIGMARK, dSP, EXTEND, MARK, mPUSHi, mPUSHn, mPUSHp,
          mPUSHu, mXPUSHi, mXPUSHn, mXPUSHp, mXPUSHu, ORIGMARK, POPi, POPl,
          POPn, POPp, POPpbytex, POPpx, POPs, PUSHi, PUSHMARK, PUSHmortal,
          PUSHn, PUSHp, PUSHs, PUSHu, PUTBACK, SP, SPAGAIN, XPUSHi, XPUSHmor-
          tal, XPUSHn, XPUSHp, XPUSHs, XPUSHu, XSRETURN, XSRETURN_EMPTY,
          XSRETURN_IV, XSRETURN_NO, XSRETURN_NV, XSRETURN_PV, XSRETURN_UNDEF,
          XSRETURN_UV, XSRETURN_YES, XST_mIV, XST_mNO, XST_mNV, XST_mPV,
          XST_mUNDEF, XST_mYES
 
      SV Flags
          svtype, SVt_IV, SVt_NV, SVt_PV, SVt_PVAV, SVt_PVCV, SVt_PVHV,
          SVt_PVMG
 
      SV Manipulation Functions
          get_sv, looks_like_number, newRV_inc, newRV_noinc, NEWSV, newSV,
          newSViv, newSVnv, newSVpv, newSVpvf, newSVpvn, newSVpvn_share,
          newSVrv, newSVsv, newSVuv, SvCUR, SvCUR_set, SvEND, SvGROW, SvIOK,
          SvIOKp, SvIOK_notUV, SvIOK_off, SvIOK_on, SvIOK_only,
          SvIOK_only_UV, SvIOK_UV, SvIsCOW, SvIsCOW_shared_hash, SvIV, SvIVX,
          SvIVx, SvLEN, SvNIOK, SvNIOKp, SvNIOK_off, SvNOK, SvNOKp,
          SvNOK_off, SvNOK_on, SvNOK_only, SvNV, SvNVX, SvNVx, SvOK, SvOOK,
          SvPOK, SvPOKp, SvPOK_off, SvPOK_on, SvPOK_only, SvPOK_only_UTF8,
          SvPV, SvPVbyte, SvPVbytex, SvPVbytex_force, SvPVbyte_force,
          SvPVbyte_nolen, SvPVutf8, SvPVutf8x, SvPVutf8x_force,
          SvPVutf8_force, SvPVutf8_nolen, SvPVX, SvPVx, SvPV_force,
          SvPV_force_nomg, SvPV_nolen, SvREFCNT, SvREFCNT_dec, SvREFCNT_inc,
          SvROK, SvROK_off, SvROK_on, SvRV, SvSTASH, SvTAINT, SvTAINTED,
          SvTAINTED_off, SvTAINTED_on, SvTRUE, SvTYPE, SvUOK, SvUPGRADE,
          SvUTF8, SvUTF8_off, SvUTF8_on, SvUV, SvUVX, SvUVx, sv_2bool,
          sv_2cv, sv_2io, sv_2iv, sv_2mortal, sv_2nv, sv_2pvbyte,
          sv_2pvbyte_nolen, sv_2pvutf8, sv_2pvutf8_nolen, sv_2pv_flags,
          sv_2pv_nolen, sv_2uv, sv_backoff, sv_bless, sv_catpv, sv_catpvf,
          sv_catpvf_mg, sv_catpvn, sv_catpvn_flags, sv_catpvn_mg, sv_cat-
          pvn_nomg, sv_catpv_mg, sv_catsv, sv_catsv_flags, sv_catsv_mg,
          sv_catsv_nomg, sv_chop, sv_clear, sv_cmp, sv_cmp_locale, sv_col-
          lxfrm, sv_copypv, sv_dec, sv_derived_from, sv_eq, sv_force_normal,
          sv_force_normal_flags, sv_free, sv_gets, sv_grow, sv_inc,
          sv_insert, sv_isa, sv_isobject, sv_iv, sv_len, sv_len_utf8,
          sv_magic, sv_magicext, sv_mortalcopy, sv_newmortal, sv_newref,
          sv_nv, sv_pos_b2u, sv_pos_u2b, sv_pv, sv_pvbyte, sv_pvbyten,
          sv_pvbyten_force, sv_pvn, sv_pvn_force, sv_pvn_force_flags,
          sv_pvutf8, sv_pvutf8n, sv_pvutf8n_force, sv_reftype, sv_replace,
          sv_report_used, sv_reset, sv_rvweaken, sv_setiv, sv_setiv_mg,
          sv_setnv, sv_setnv_mg, sv_setpv, sv_setpvf, sv_setpvf_mg, sv_setp-
          viv, sv_setpviv_mg, sv_setpvn, sv_setpvn_mg, sv_setpv_mg,
          sv_setref_iv, sv_setref_nv, sv_setref_pv, sv_setref_pvn,
          sv_setref_uv, sv_setsv, sv_setsv_flags, sv_setsv_mg, sv_setsv_nomg,
          sv_setuv, sv_setuv_mg, sv_taint, sv_tainted, sv_true, sv_unmagic,
          sv_unref, sv_unref_flags, sv_untaint, sv_upgrade, sv_usepvn,
          sv_usepvn_mg, sv_utf8_decode, sv_utf8_downgrade, sv_utf8_encode,
          sv_utf8_upgrade, sv_utf8_upgrade_flags, sv_uv, sv_vcatpvf, sv_vcat-
          pvfn, sv_vcatpvf_mg, sv_vsetpvf, sv_vsetpvfn, sv_vsetpvf_mg
 
      Unicode Support
          bytes_from_utf8, bytes_to_utf8, ibcmp_utf8, is_utf8_char,
          is_utf8_string, is_utf8_string_loc, pv_uni_display, sv_cat_decode,
          sv_recode_to_utf8, sv_uni_display, to_utf8_case, to_utf8_fold,
          to_utf8_lower, to_utf8_title, to_utf8_upper, utf8n_to_uvchr,
          utf8n_to_uvuni, utf8_distance, utf8_hop, utf8_length,
          utf8_to_bytes, utf8_to_uvchr, utf8_to_uvuni, uvchr_to_utf8,
          uvuni_to_utf8_flags
 
      Variables created by "xsubpp" and "xsubpp" internal functions
          ax, CLASS, dAX, dITEMS, dXSARGS, dXSI32, items, ix, newXSproto,
          RETVAL, ST, THIS, XS, XS_VERSION, XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK
 
      Warning and Dieing
          croak, warn
 
      AUTHORS
      SEE ALSO
 
      perlintern - autogenerated documentation of purely internal Perl func-
      tions
 
      DESCRIPTION
      CV reference counts and CvOUTSIDE
          CvWEAKOUTSIDE
 
      Functions in file pad.h
          CX_CURPAD_SAVE, CX_CURPAD_SV, PAD_BASE_SV, PAD_CLONE_VARS,
          PAD_COMPNAME_FLAGS, PAD_COMPNAME_GEN, PAD_COMPNAME_OURSTASH,
          PAD_COMPNAME_PV, PAD_COMPNAME_TYPE, PAD_DUP, PAD_RESTORE_LOCAL,
          PAD_SAVE_LOCAL, PAD_SAVE_SETNULLPAD, PAD_SETSV, PAD_SET_CUR,
          PAD_SET_CUR_NOSAVE, PAD_SV, PAD_SVl, SAVECLEARSV, SAVECOMPPAD,
          SAVEPADSV
 
      Functions in file pp_ctl.c
          find_runcv
 
      Global Variables
          PL_DBsingle, PL_DBsub, PL_DBtrace, PL_dowarn, PL_last_in_gv,
          PL_ofs_sv, PL_rs
 
      GV Functions
          is_gv_magical
 
      IO Functions
          start_glob
 
      Pad Data Structures
          CvPADLIST, cv_clone, cv_dump, do_dump_pad, intro_my, pad_add_anon,
          pad_add_name, pad_alloc, pad_block_start, pad_check_dup, pad_find-
          lex, pad_findmy, pad_fixup_inner_anons, pad_free, pad_leavemy,
          pad_new, pad_push, pad_reset, pad_setsv, pad_swipe, pad_tidy,
          pad_undef
 
      Stack Manipulation Macros
          djSP, LVRET
 
      SV Manipulation Functions
          report_uninit, sv_add_arena, sv_clean_all, sv_clean_objs,
          sv_free_arenas
 
      AUTHORS
      SEE ALSO
 
      perliol - C API for Perl's implementation of IO in Layers.
 
      SYNOPSIS
      DESCRIPTION
          History and Background
          Basic Structure
          Layers vs Disciplines
          Data Structures
          Functions and Attributes
          Per-instance Data
          Layers in action.
          Per-instance flag bits
              PERLIO_F_EOF, PERLIO_F_CANWRITE,  PERLIO_F_CANREAD, PER-
              LIO_F_ERROR, PERLIO_F_TRUNCATE, PERLIO_F_APPEND, PERLIO_F_CRLF,
              PERLIO_F_UTF8, PERLIO_F_UNBUF, PERLIO_F_WRBUF, PERLIO_F_RDBUF,
              PERLIO_F_LINEBUF, PERLIO_F_TEMP, PERLIO_F_OPEN, PERLIO_F_FAST-
              GETS
 
          Methods in Detail
              fsize, name, size, kind, PERLIO_K_BUFFERED, PERLIO_K_RAW, PER-
              LIO_K_CANCRLF, PERLIO_K_FASTGETS, PERLIO_K_MULTIARG, Pushed,
              Popped, Open, Binmode, Getarg, Fileno, Dup, Read, Write, Seek,
              Tell, Close, Flush, Fill, Eof, Error,    Clearerr, Setlinebuf,
              Get_base, Get_bufsiz, Get_ptr, Get_cnt, Set_ptrcnt
 
          Utilities
          Implementing PerlIO Layers
              C implementations, Perl implementations
 
          Core Layers
              "unix", "perlio", "stdio", "crlf", "mmap", "pending", "raw",
              "utf8"
 
          Extension Layers
              ":encoding", ":scalar", ":via"
 
      TODO
 
      perlapio - perl's IO abstraction interface.
 
      SYNOPSIS
      DESCRIPTION
          1. USE_STDIO, 2. USE_SFIO, 3. USE_PERLIO, PerlIO_stdin(), Per-
          lIO_stdout(), PerlIO_stderr(), PerlIO_open(path, mode), Per-
          lIO_fdopen(fd,mode), PerlIO_reopen(path,mode,f), Per-
          lIO_printf(f,fmt,...), PerlIO_vprintf(f,fmt,a), PerlIO_std-
          outf(fmt,...), PerlIO_read(f,buf,count), PerlIO_write(f,buf,count),
          PerlIO_close(f), PerlIO_puts(f,s), PerlIO_putc(f,c), Per-
          lIO_ungetc(f,c), PerlIO_getc(f), PerlIO_eof(f), PerlIO_error(f),
          PerlIO_fileno(f), PerlIO_clearerr(f), PerlIO_flush(f), Per-
          lIO_seek(f,offset,whence), PerlIO_tell(f), PerlIO_getpos(f,p), Per-
          lIO_setpos(f,p), PerlIO_rewind(f), PerlIO_tmpfile(), PerlIO_set-
          linebuf(f)
 
          Co-existence with stdio
              PerlIO_importFILE(f,mode), PerlIO_exportFILE(f,mode), Per-
              lIO_releaseFILE(p,f), PerlIO_findFILE(f)
 
          "Fast gets" Functions
              PerlIO_fast_gets(f), PerlIO_has_cntptr(f), PerlIO_get_cnt(f),
              PerlIO_get_ptr(f), PerlIO_set_ptrcnt(f,p,c), Per-
              lIO_canset_cnt(f), PerlIO_set_cnt(f,c), PerlIO_has_base(f),
              PerlIO_get_base(f), PerlIO_get_bufsiz(f)
 
          Other Functions
              PerlIO_apply_layers(f,mode,layers), PerlIO_bin-
              mode(f,ptype,imode,layers), '<' read, '>' write, '+'
              read/write, PerlIO_debug(fmt,...)
 
      perlhack - How to hack at the Perl internals
 
      DESCRIPTION
          Does concept match the general goals of Perl?, Where is the imple-
          mentation?, Backwards compatibility, Could it be a module instead?,
          Is the feature generic enough?, Does it potentially introduce new
          bugs?, Does it preclude other desirable features?, Is the implemen-
          tation robust?, Is the implementation generic enough to be
          portable?, Is the implementation tested?, Is there enough documen-
          tation?, Is there another way to do it?, Does it create too much
          work?, Patches speak louder than words
 
          Keeping in sync
              rsync'ing the source tree, Using rsync over the LAN, Using
              pushing over the NFS, rsync'ing the patches
 
          Why rsync the source tree
              It's easier to rsync the source tree, It's more reliable
 
          Why rsync the patches
              It's easier to rsync the patches, It's a good reference, Find-
              ing a start point, Finding how to fix a bug, Finding the source
              of misbehaviour
 
          Working with the source
          Perlbug administration
          Submitting patches
              perlguts, perlxstut and perlxs, perlapi, Porting/pumpkin.pod,
              The perl5-porters FAQ
 
          Finding Your Way Around
              Core modules, Tests, Documentation, Configure, Interpreter
 
          Elements of the interpreter
              Startup, Parsing, Optimization, Running, Exception handing
 
          Internal Variable Types
          Op Trees
          Stacks
              Argument stack, Mark stack, Save stack
 
          Millions of Macros
          The .i Targets
          Poking at Perl
          Using a source-level debugger
              run [args], break function_name, break source.c:xxx, step,
              next, continue, finish, 'enter', print
 
          gdb macro support
          Dumping Perl Data Structures
          Patching
          Patching a core module
          Adding a new function to the core
          Writing a test
              t/base/, t/cmd/, t/comp/, t/io/, t/lib/, t/op/, t/pod/, t/run/,
              t/uni/, t/win32/, t/x2p, t/base t/comp, t/cmd t/run t/io t/op,
              t/lib ext lib
 
          Special Make Test Targets
              coretest, test.deparse, test.taintwarn, minitest, test.valgrind
              check.valgrind utest.valgrind ucheck.valgrind, test.third
              check.third utest.third ucheck.third, test.torture torturetest,
              utest ucheck test.utf8 check.utf8, minitest.utf16 test.utf16,
              test_harness, test-notty test_notty
 
          Running tests by hand
              -v, -torture, -re=PATTERN, -re LIST OF PATTERNS, PERL_CORE=1,
              PERL_DESTRUCT_LEVEL=2, PERL, PERL_SKIP_TTY_TEST
 
      EXTERNAL TOOLS FOR DEBUGGING PERL
          Rational Software's Purify
          Purify on Unix
              -Accflags=-DPURIFY, -Doptimize='-g', -Uusemymalloc, -Dusemulti-
              plicity
 
          Purify on NT
              DEFINES, USE_MULTI = define, #PERL_MALLOC = define, CFG = Debug
 
          valgrind
          Compaq's/Digital's/HP's Third Degree
          PERL_DESTRUCT_LEVEL
          Profiling
          Gprof Profiling
              -a, -b, -e routine, -f routine, -s, -z
 
          GCC gcov Profiling
          Pixie Profiling
              -h, -l, -p[rocedures], -h[eavy], -i[nvocations], -l[ines],
              -testcoverage, -z[ero]
 
          Miscellaneous tricks
          CONCLUSION
              The Road goes ever on and on, down from the door where it
              began.
 
      AUTHOR
 
      perlbook - Perl book information
 
      DESCRIPTION
 
      perltodo - Perl TO-DO List
 
      DESCRIPTION
      assertions
      iCOW
      (?{...}) closures in regexps
      A re-entrant regexp engine
      pragmata
          lexical pragmas
          use less 'memory'
      prototypes and functions
          _ prototype character
          inlining autoloaded constants
          Finish off lvalue functions
      Unicode and UTF8
          Implicit Latin 1 => Unicode translation
          UTF8 caching code
          Unicode in Filenames
          Unicode in %ENV
      Regexps
          regexp optimiser optional
      POD
          POD -> HTML conversion still sucks
      Misc medium sized projects
          UNITCHECK
          optional optimizer
          You WANT *how* many
          lexical aliases
          no 6
          IPv6
          entersub XS vs Perl
          @INC source filter to Filter::Simple
          bincompat functions
          Use fchown/fchmod internally
          Constant folding
      Tests
          Make Schwern poorer
          test B
          common test code for timed bailout
      Installation
          compressed man pages
          Make Config.pm cope with differences between build and installed
          perl
          Relocatable perl
          make HTML install work
          put patchlevel in -v
      Incremental things
          autovivification
          fix tainting bugs
          Make tainting consistent
          Dual life everything
      Vague things
          threads
          POSIX memory footprint
          Optimize away @_
          switch ops
          Attach/detach debugger from running program
          A decent benchmark
          readpipe(LIST)
          Self ties
 
      perldoc - Look up Perl documentation in Pod format.
 
      SYNOPSIS
      DESCRIPTION
      OPTIONS
          -h, -v, -t, -u, -m module, -l, -F, -f perlfunc, -q perlfaq-search-
          regexp, -T, -d destination-filename, -o output-formatname, -M mod-
          ule-name, -w option:value or -w option, -X, PageName|Module-
          Name|ProgramName, -n some-formatter, -r, -i, -V
 
      SECURITY
      ENVIRONMENT
      AUTHOR
 
      perlhist - the Perl history records
 
      DESCRIPTION
      INTRODUCTION
      THE KEEPERS OF THE PUMPKIN
          PUMPKIN?
      THE RECORDS
          SELECTED RELEASE SIZES
          SELECTED PATCH SIZES
      THE KEEPERS OF THE RECORDS
 
      perldelta - what is new for perl v5.8.7
 
      DESCRIPTION
      Incompatible Changes
      Core Enhancements
          Unicode Character Database 4.1.0
          suidperl less insecure
          Optional site customization script
          "Config.pm" is now much smaller.
      Modules and Pragmata
      Utility Changes
          find2perl enhancements
      Performance Enhancements
      Installation and Configuration Improvements
      Selected Bug Fixes
      New or Changed Diagnostics
      Changed Internals
      Known Problems
      Reporting Bugs
      SEE ALSO
 
      perl587delta, perldelta - what is new for perl v5.8.7
 
      DESCRIPTION
      Incompatible Changes
      Core Enhancements
          Unicode Character Database 4.1.0
          suidperl less insecure
          Optional site customization script
          "Config.pm" is now much smaller.
      Modules and Pragmata
      Utility Changes
          find2perl enhancements
      Performance Enhancements
      Installation and Configuration Improvements
      Selected Bug Fixes
      New or Changed Diagnostics
      Changed Internals
      Known Problems
      Reporting Bugs
      SEE ALSO
 
      perl586delta - what is new for perl v5.8.6
 
      DESCRIPTION
      Incompatible Changes
      Core Enhancements
      Modules and Pragmata
      Utility Changes
      Performance Enhancements
      Selected Bug Fixes
      New or Changed Diagnostics
      Changed Internals
      New Tests
      Reporting Bugs
      SEE ALSO
 
      perl585delta - what is new for perl v5.8.5
 
      DESCRIPTION
      Incompatible Changes
      Core Enhancements
      Modules and Pragmata
      Utility Changes
          Perl's debugger
          h2ph
      Installation and Configuration Improvements
      Selected Bug Fixes
      New or Changed Diagnostics
      Changed Internals
      Known Problems
      Platform Specific Problems
      Reporting Bugs
      SEE ALSO
 
      perl584delta - what is new for perl v5.8.4
 
      DESCRIPTION
      Incompatible Changes
      Core Enhancements
          Malloc wrapping
          Unicode Character Database 4.0.1
          suidperl less insecure
          format
      Modules and Pragmata
          Updated modules
              Attribute::Handlers, B, Benchmark, CGI, Carp, Cwd, Exporter,
              File::Find, IO, IPC::Open3, Local::Maketext, Math::BigFloat,
              Math::BigInt, Math::BigRat, MIME::Base64, ODBM_File, POSIX,
              Shell, Socket, Storable, Switch, Sys::Syslog, Term::ANSIColor,
              Time::HiRes, Unicode::UCD, Win32, base, open, threads, utf8
 
      Performance Enhancements
      Utility Changes
      Installation and Configuration Improvements
      Selected Bug Fixes
      New or Changed Diagnostics
      Changed Internals
      Future Directions
      Platform Specific Problems
      Reporting Bugs
      SEE ALSO
 
      perl583delta - what is new for perl v5.8.3
 
      DESCRIPTION
      Incompatible Changes
      Core Enhancements
      Modules and Pragmata
          CGI, Cwd, Digest, Digest::MD5, Encode, File::Spec, FindBin,
          List::Util, Math::BigInt, PodParser, Pod::Perldoc, POSIX, Uni-
          code::Collate, Unicode::Normalize, Test::Harness, threads::shared
 
      Utility Changes
      New Documentation
      Installation and Configuration Improvements
      Selected Bug Fixes
      New or Changed Diagnostics
      Changed Internals
      Configuration and Building
      Platform Specific Problems
      Known Problems
      Future Directions
      Obituary
      Reporting Bugs
      SEE ALSO
 
      perl582delta - what is new for perl v5.8.2
 
      DESCRIPTION
      Incompatible Changes
      Core Enhancements
          Hash Randomisation
          Threading
      Modules and Pragmata
          Updated Modules And Pragmata
              Devel::PPPort, Digest::MD5, I18N::LangTags, libnet,
              MIME::Base64, Pod::Perldoc, strict, Tie::Hash, Time::HiRes,
              Unicode::Collate, Unicode::Normalize, UNIVERSAL
 
      Selected Bug Fixes
      Changed Internals
      Platform Specific Problems
      Future Directions
      Reporting Bugs
      SEE ALSO
 
      perl581delta - what is new for perl v5.8.1
 
      DESCRIPTION
      Incompatible Changes
          Hash Randomisation
          UTF-8 On Filehandles No Longer Activated By Locale
          Single-number v-strings are no longer v-strings before "=>"
          (Win32) The -C Switch Has Been Repurposed
          (Win32) The /d Switch Of cmd.exe
      Core Enhancements
          UTF-8 no longer default under UTF-8 locales
          Unsafe signals again available
          Tied Arrays with Negative Array Indices
          local ${$x}
          Unicode Character Database 4.0.0
          Deprecation Warnings
          Miscellaneous Enhancements
      Modules and Pragmata
          Updated Modules And Pragmata
              base, B::Bytecode, B::Concise, B::Deparse, Benchmark,
              ByteLoader, bytes, CGI, charnames, CPAN, Data::Dumper, DB_File,
              Devel::PPPort, Digest::MD5, Encode, fields, libnet, Math::Big-
              Int, MIME::Base64, NEXT, Net::Ping, PerlIO::scalar, podlators,
              Pod::LaTeX, PodParsers, Pod::Perldoc, Scalar::Util, Storable,
              strict, Term::ANSIcolor, Test::Harness, Test::More, Test::Sim-
              ple, Text::Balanced, Time::HiRes, threads, threads::shared,
              Unicode::Collate, Unicode::Normalize, Win32::GetFolderPath,
              Win32::GetOSVersion
 
      Utility Changes
      New Documentation
      Installation and Configuration Improvements
          Platform-specific enhancements
      Selected Bug Fixes
          Closures, eval and lexicals
          Generic fixes
          Platform-specific fixes
      New or Changed Diagnostics
          Changed "A thread exited while %d threads were running"
          Removed "Attempt to clear a restricted hash"
          New "Illegal declaration of anonymous subroutine"
          Changed "Invalid range "%s" in transliteration operator"
          New "Missing control char name in \c"
          New "Newline in left-justified string for %s"
          New "Possible precedence problem on bitwise %c operator"
          New "Pseudo-hashes are deprecated"
          New "read() on %s filehandle %s"
          New "5.005 threads are deprecated"
          New "Tied variable freed while still in use"
          New "To%s: illegal mapping '%s'"
          New "Use of freed value in iteration"
      Changed Internals
      New Tests
      Known Problems
          Tied hashes in scalar context
          Net::Ping 450_service and 510_ping_udp failures
          B::C
      Platform Specific Problems
          EBCDIC Platforms
          Cygwin 1.5 problems
          HP-UX: HP cc warnings about sendfile and sendpath
          IRIX: t/uni/tr_7jis.t falsely failing
          Mac OS X: no usemymalloc
          Tr