From Linux Man Pages
Unicode - the Universal Character Set
DESCRIPTION
The international standard ISO 10646 defines the Universal Character Set (UCS). UCS contains all characters of
all other character set standards. It also guarantees round-trip compatibility, i.e., conversion tables can be
built such that no information is lost when a string is converted from any other encoding to UCS and back.
UCS contains the characters required to represent practically all known languages. This includes not only the
Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, Hebrew, Arabic, Armenian, and Georgian scripts, but also also Chinese, Japanese and
Korean Han ideographs as well as scripts such as Hiragana, Katakana, Hangul, Devanagari, Bengali, Gurmukhi,
Gujarati, Oriya, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Thai, Lao, Khmer, Bopomofo, Tibetan, Runic, Ethiopic, Cana-
dian Syllabics, Cherokee, Mongolian, Ogham, Myanmar, Sinhala, Thaana, Yi, and others. For scripts not yet cov-
ered, research on how to best encode them for computer usage is still going on and they will be added eventually.
This might eventually include not only Hieroglyphs and various historic Indo-European languages, but even some
selected artistic scripts such as Tengwar, Cirth, and Klingon. UCS also covers a large number of graphical, typo-
graphical, mathematical and scientific symbols, including those provided by TeX, Postscript, APL, MS-DOS, MS-Win-
dows, Macintosh, OCR fonts, as well as many word processing and publishing systems, and more are being added.
The UCS standard (ISO 10646) describes a 31-bit character set architecture consisting of 128 24-bit groups, each
divided into 256 16-bit planes made up of 256 8-bit rows with 256 column positions, one for each character. Part
1 of the standard (ISO 10646-1) defines the first 65534 code positions (0x0000 to 0xfffd), which form the Basic
Multilingual Plane (BMP), that is plane 0 in group 0. Part 2 of the standard (ISO 10646-2) adds characters to
group 0 outside the BMP in several supplementary planes in the range 0x10000 to 0x10ffff. There are no plans to
add characters beyond 0x10ffff to the standard, therefore of the entire code space, only a small fraction of
group 0 will ever be actually used in the foreseeable future. The BMP contains all characters found in the com-
monly used other character sets. The supplemental planes added by ISO 10646-2 cover only more exotic characters
for special scientific, dictionary printing, publishing industry, higher-level protocol and enthusiast needs.
The representation of each UCS character as a 2-byte word is referred to as the UCS-2 form (only for BMP charac-
ters), whereas UCS-4 is the representation of each character by a 4-byte word. In addition, there exist two
encoding forms UTF-8 for backwards compatibility with ASCII processing software and UTF-16 for the backwards com-
patible handling of non-BMP characters up to 0x10ffff by UCS-2 software.
The UCS characters 0x0000 to 0x007f are identical to those of the classic US-ASCII character set and the charac-
ters in the range 0x0000 to 0x00ff are identical to those in ISO 8859-1 Latin-1.
COMBINING CHARACTERS
Some code points in UCS have been assigned to combining characters. These are similar to the non-spacing accent
keys on a typewriter. A combining character just adds an accent to the previous character. The most important
accented characters have codes of their own in UCS, however, the combining character mechanism allows us to add
accents and other diacritical marks to any character. The combining characters always follow the character which
they modify. For example, the German character Umlaut-A ("Latin capital letter A with diaeresis") can either be
represented by the precomposed UCS code 0x00c4, or alternatively as the combination of a normal "Latin capital
letter A" followed by a "combining diaeresis": 0x0041 0x0308.
Combining characters are essential for instance for encoding the Thai script or for mathematical typesetting and
users of the International Phonetic Alphabet.
IMPLEMENTATION LEVELS
As not all systems are expected to support advanced mechanisms like combining characters, ISO 10646-1 specifies
the following three implementation levels of UCS:
Level 1 Combining characters and Hangul Jamo (a variant encoding of the Korean script, where a Hangul syllable
glyph is coded as a triplet or pair of vovel/consonant codes) are not supported.
Level 2 In addition to level 1, combining characters are now allowed for some languages where they are essential
(e.g., Thai, Lao, Hebrew, Arabic, Devanagari, Malayalam, etc.).
Level 3 All UCS characters are supported.
The Unicode 3.0 Standard published by the Unicode Consortium contains exactly the UCS Basic Multilingual Plane at
implementation level 3, as described in ISO 10646-1:2000. Unicode 3.1 added the supplemental planes of ISO
10646-2. The Unicode standard and technical reports published by the Unicode Consortium provide much additional
information on the semantics and recommended usages of various characters. They provide guidelines and algorithms
for editing, sorting, comparing, normalizing, converting and displaying Unicode strings.
UNICODE UNDER LINUX
Under GNU/Linux, the C type wchar_t is a signed 32-bit integer type. Its values are always interpreted by the C
library as UCS code values (in all locales), a convention that is signaled by the GNU C library to applications
by defining the constant __STDC_ISO_10646__ as specified in the ISO C 99 standard.
UCS/Unicode can be used just like ASCII in input/output streams, terminal communication, plaintext files, file-
names, and environment variables in the ASCII compatible UTF-8 multi-byte encoding. To signal the use of UTF-8 as
the character encoding to all applications, a suitable locale has to be selected via environment variables (e.g.,
"LANG=en_GB.UTF-8").
The nl_langinfo(CODESET) function returns the name of the selected encoding. Library functions such as wctomb(3)
and mbsrtowcs(3) can be used to transform the internal wchar_t characters and strings into the system character
encoding and back and wcwidth(3) tells, how many positions (0-2) the cursor is advanced by the output of a char-
acter.
Under Linux, in general only the BMP at implementation level 1 should be used at the moment. Up to two combining
characters per base character for certain scripts (in particular Thai) are also supported by some UTF-8 terminal
emulators and ISO 10646 fonts (level 2), but in general precomposed characters should be preferred where avail-
able (Unicode calls this Normalization Form C).
PRIVATE AREA
In the BMP, the range 0xe000 to 0xf8ff will never be assigned to any characters by the standard and is reserved
for private usage. For the Linux community, this private area has been subdivided further into the range 0xe000
to 0xefff which can be used individually by any end-user and the Linux zone in the range 0xf000 to 0xf8ff where
extensions are coordinated among all Linux users. The registry of the characters assigned to the Linux zone is
currently maintained by H. Peter Anvin <Peter.Anvin@linux.org>.
LITERATURE
* Information technology -- Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS) -- Part 1: Architecture and Basic
Multilingual Plane. International Standard ISO/IEC 10646-1, International Organization for Standardization,
Geneva, 2000.
This is the official specification of UCS. Available as a PDF file on CD-ROM from http://www.iso.ch/.
* The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0. The Unicode Consortium, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 2000, ISBN 0-201-61633-5.
* S. Harbison, G. Steele. C: A Reference Manual. Fourth edition, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1995, ISBN 0-13-326224-3.
A good reference book about the C programming language. The fourth edition covers the 1994 Amendment 1 to the
ISO C 90 standard, which adds a large number of new C library functions for handling wide and multi-byte char-
acter encodings, but it does not yet cover ISO C 99, which improved wide and multi-byte character support even
further.
* Unicode Technical Reports.
http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/
* Markus Kuhn: UTF-8 and Unicode FAQ for Unix/Linux.
http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/unicode.html
Provides subscription information for the linux-utf8 mailing list, which is the best place to look for advice
on using Unicode under Linux.
* Bruno Haible: Unicode HOWTO.
ftp://ftp.ilog.fr/pub/Users/haible/utf8/Unicode-HOWTO.html
BUGS
When this man page was last revised, the GNU C Library support for UTF-8 locales was mature and XFree86 support
was in an advanced state, but work on making applications (most notably editors) suitable for use in UTF-8
locales was still fully in progress. Current general UCS support under Linux usually provides for CJK double-
width characters and sometimes even simple overstriking combining characters, but usually does not include sup-
port for scripts with right-to-left writing direction or ligature substitution requirements such as Hebrew, Ara-
bic, or the Indic scripts. These scripts are currently only supported in certain GUI applications (HTML viewers,
word processors) with sophisticated text rendering engines.
RELATED
setlocale(3), charsets(7), utf-8(7)
CATEGORY